Resting Heart Rate Athletes vs Non Athletes

Introduction The circulatory and respiratory systems (called together as the respiratory system) act together in one to enable moderate to severe exercise possible (Ganong, 2005). The capacity of adjusting by the system to exercise is called as cardio-respiratory fitness. This endurance can be measured using difference methods that have been designed and test by early researchers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Resting Heart Rate: Athletes vs Non Athletes – Comparative Essay specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The state of the cardio-respiratory system determine the tolerance of individual to exercise. Among the measurements that are to be done to determine the godlessness of this system is the measuring of heart rate (Brehm, 2007). Heart rate is normally increases during exercise. Heart rate definition is the number of beats that the heart is making in one minute. Generally, the normal heart rate of an adul t is said be around 60 to 100 beats per minute (Guyton, 2006). Studies has shown that the resting heart rate of trained athlete is low than that of an untrained grown up with the same age. The trained athletes compensate for lower heart rate by having an increase in the strength of the beats. For this reason athletes tend to have big hearts. A lower heart rate is good indicator of tolerance of exercise of person. Heart rate is measured by locating an area in body where it is clear. Usually this area is found outside of the wrist when palm is put to face up wards. To feel it two fingers are placed over the artery at these places. The pulse is felt when the artery is pressed on the bone (Ganong, 2005). After location of it the beats found in minute are counted and recorded. Some people likes to take it for 15 seconds and multiply the results by 4. To increase accurateness it can be taken two times and then doing average of the two results got. Measuring cardiovascular fitness using he art rate requires the subject to take part in aerobic exercise. Athletes normally, have quick recovery than their untrained counterpart. An athlete should get a smaller increase in heart rate than the untrained person. In order to perform this test with easiness, the step test is used. In this test the subject of the test is asked to step on a raised platform and step down at a particular rate which is already known and made. The hypothesis of the experiment sought to test whether there was a noticeable difference in the effect of aerobic exercises between the pulse rates of athletes and non-athletes. Method and Material The students were worked in six groups. Each group was having four members. One student was an athlete and one was non-athlete. The other two students were to take pulse rate measurements of the two test subject.Advertising Looking for essay on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The experiment was d one by first taking the resting pulse rates of two test subjects who got identified. Pulse was located at wrist and timing was done for 15 seconds and the result got multiplied by 4 to get the pulse rates in a minute. A stopwatch was used for this timing. After resting pulse rate has been measured, the two test subjects were asked to do a three minutes step test. The subjects were asked to climb up and come down the platform for three minutes using rate of 30 steps per minute. After the step test, pulse rate located. The rate per minute was calculated from the figure for 15 seconds of timing. Results Table1. Results of step test for my group. Pulse Rate(beats per minute) Athlete Non-Athlete Before step test 72 88 After step test 96 112 Figure1. Pulse rate of athlete and non-athlete before and after exercise Table 2.1 Results of step test of athletes in all other groups. Pulse rate 1 2 3 4 5 Average 80 Before step test 80 92 72 76 88 81.5 After step test 100 116 88 88 126 104 Table2.2 Results of step test for non-athlete in all other groups Pulse rate 1 2 3 4 5 Average Before step test 88 60 96 84 80 81.6 After step test 108 112 112 92 100 104.6 Table 3. Average and difference of pulse rates before and after exerciseAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Resting Heart Rate: Athletes vs Non Athletes – Comparative Essay specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Average pulse rate before step test Average pulse rate after step test Difference between pulse rates Athlete 81.6 104 22.4 Non-Athlete 81.6 104.8 23.2 Figure 2. Average and difference of pulse rate before and after exercising. Conclusions The hypothesis of the experiment sought to test whether there was a notice able difference in the effect of aerobic exercises between the pulse rates of athletes and non-athletes. The results go from the experiment surely gave positively support to the hypothe sis. Though it is, the difference in this experiment is less; it is possible to make a conclusion using the data. The results showed there was small variation between the athletes and non-athletes. These findings get supported by early research. In this experiment the small increase may be because of mistake of experiment such as timing mistakes. All the test subject had heart rates below 100 beats in a minute. An interesting observation is that non-athletes had higher heart rates at rest. This may be to the fact that they do not exercise regularly like the athletes. To reduce this difference they should do suitable exercise good for them. Several factors affect the heart rate of an individual. These factors include the time of day it is taken and eating of some substances. Pulse is usually at resting point early in the morning or after waking up. Coffee is also may increase heart rate. Smoking may also gives an abnormally high heart rate. To obtain more accurate results the factors should be considered. Eligibility criteria for the experiment should also be checked at so that in future experiments, students who get to this group can not be used as test subjects. Use of digital pulse measuring machines may also be put in use in the future. References Brehm, B. (2007). Heart Rate and Exercise Training. Fitness Management. Ganong, F. William (2005). Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, (22nd Ed), NY: McGraw-Hill.Advertising Looking for essay on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Guyton, C. Arthur Hall, E. John. (2006). Guyton Textbook of Medical Physiology, (11th Ed), NY: Saunders. This essay on Resting Heart Rate: Athletes vs Non Athletes was written and submitted by user Grace Allison to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Robinson Crusoe Essays - English-language Films, British Films

Robinson Crusoe Essays - English-language Films, British Films Robinson Crusoe Robinson Crusoe was written by Daniel Defoe. The novel was first published in 1719. It tells the story of a young explorer who becomes marooned on a deserted island. His experiences of the island change his outlook on life. Daniel Defoe was a short story writer that came from an poor family. Defoe was poor for most of his life and made his living as a butcher and a writer. Defoe mostly wrote short stories and political essays. Robinson Crusoe was a combination of two short stories. Many believe Defoe used Robinson Crusoe to portray himself in a certain ways. The description was almost identical to his own and after his wife left him, he felt as if he was marooned on a deserted island. The story takes place in the 1700s on a deserted island somewhere off the coast of Brazil. The island is fairly large in size and has a small shore. The interior of the island has many trees, wild pigs and other small animals and a small cave in which Crusoe stores food. I walked about the shore lifting up my hands. Look around, I see nothing but water, a forest, and the remains of my ship. At first, I was afraid of wild animals but after some exploration of the land, the only animals I had seen were wild pigs, squirrels, and some small birds. The only possessions that Crusoe retrieved from the remains of his ship were a small knife, a box of tabacco, a pipe, and a small book that would later become his journal. Robinson Crusoe was a young and stubborn explorer. He was extremely tall and strong. His stay on the island changed him from a mean, stubborn man to an open-minded protestant. Standing at six feet, two inches and having my long, thick brown hair back in a ponytail, I felt as if I was eight feet tall. Without the permission of my parents, I was still sailing away from the misery. I held the cargo box is my strong arms, waiting to board my beautiful ship. Crusoe became a skilled craftsman and was an extremely religious man due to his stay on the island. Being the only man on the entire island, he established a faith in God. He also became more articulate from writing in a journal daily. Overall, his stay on the island changed Crusoe's life greatly. As the story begins, Robinson Crusoe defies his parents and sets out to sea. Crusoe encounters a series of violent storms at sea and ends up in Africa. He sets out on another voyage and is captured by the Sallee, a group of pirates. Luckily, he manages to escape and board a Portuguese ship and sail to Brazil. While in Brazil, Crusoe purchases a large sugar plantation. After leaving Brazil, he encounters another storm in which his ship is destroyed and he is marooned on an island as the only survivor. On the island, Crusoe gathers food and builds a small shelter. He writes in a journal to keep account of his stay. Crusoe becomes a skilled craftsman and begins to feel a spiritual connection with God. He also builds a small boat that he uses to sail around the island. After living on the island for fifteen years, Crusoe discovers that savages had landed on the island and that they perform human sacrifices. Crusoe helps a prisoner escape from these savages. He names the prisoner Friday and teaches him english. Together, they build a new boat and attempt to leave the island. However, Friday learns his father is a prisoner of the savages. Crusoe and Friday return and rescue his father and a Spaniard. The four men board a passing boat and gain control of it. Crusoe sails back to his native land to learn his sugar plantation has made him rich. He sells the plantation and marries. As the novel closes, Crusoe is persuaded to take a final voyage, back to the island. Robinson Crusoe is written using an English dialect. The narration of the novel is simple, informal and extremely easy to understand. However, Defoe uses verbose descriptions for characters. He was a comely, handsome fellow, perfectly well made, with strong limbs, not too large, tall and well-shaped, and I reckon he was about twenty years of age. The color of his skin was not quite black, but very tawny; and yet not of an ugly, yellow, nauseous tawny, as the Brazilians and Virginians, and other natives are; but of a bright

The 5 Best SAT Prep Games

The 5 Best SAT Prep Games SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips You may have heard of a new trend in test prep:games. That’s right- studying for your SAT by playing computer (and even phone) games! If this sounds too good to be true, that’s because it is. Most of the SAT prep games out there are pretty bad.However, there are a few games that may genuinely help you with some aspects of your test prep experience- although they won’t do much other than supplement your more typical studying activities like taking practice tests and doing practice problems. In this article I’ll break down the SAT prep game trend, explain why most prep games won’t help you, describe what makes a good prep game, offer some recommendations for games that will help you, and offer some advice on how to use them. SAT Prep Games: An Overview The past few years have seen a rise in â€Å"gamification,† or the attempt to make regular, tedious life tasks more game-like and thus more fun and exciting. There are apps for gamifying exercise, productivity, household chores, finance, and even shopping. Given the ever-increasing circle of things that have been gamified, it’s no surprise that SAT games have proliferated in the past few years. Lots of test-prep companies have gotten on the train. Kaplan, the Princeton Review, the Idiot’s Guide- they all have created or helped create SAT practice games. The general idea behind SAT games is that if preparing for the testis fun, you will want to do it. If you want to do it, you’ll spend more time preparing. But is this true? And even if it is, is the preparation you get from playing games comparable to that from less fun modes of studying? Can you game your way to SAT success? Why Most SAT Prep Games Are Bad The truth is that there are very few test-prep games that will actually provide substantial help on the SAT. In fact, they may even be detrimental, because you may play them thinking you are getting in some valuable preparation when you really aren’t. The problem with most SAT prep games is that they are mostly just glorified multiple-choice quizzes. However, the questions are generally of low quality and don’t resemble real SAT questions very much. Answers are sometimes truly ambiguous or unclear, and explanations are often lacking or nonexistent.Further limiting the utility of many of these games is that they haven’t been updated for the revised SAT. So you’ll be hit with outdated question styles that aren’t even on the SAT anymore, like Sentence Completion and Sentence Error. If a game just asks you â€Å"SAT-style† multiple choice questions, I advise you to stay away from it unless you can thoroughly vet that the questions actually resemble real SAT questions. You are much better off using genuine College Board SAT practice tests or even ACT tests if you need more sample questions to prep for the SAT. It might be marginally more fun to see yourself get points for correct questions in an app or on a website, but you’ll be much happier in the long run if you spend that time answering well-written sample questions that will actually help you. Also, the College Board has now partnered with Khan Academy to create SAT prep resources online, which has both gamified aspects like earnable badges and College-Board official practice questions. You are better off using Khan Academy than any other multiple-choice-based SAT prep game. There are many SAT games that are very focused on vocab. However, while a diverse vocab is still important for the SAT, the revised test places much less emphasis on knowing arcane words out-of-context. So exclusively â€Å"SAT Vocab† focused games may not have much utility for you. STOP before you play bad SAT games! What Makes a Good SAT Prep Game? There are, in general, three things that make for a good prep game. #1: Targets a Specific SAT Skill or Content Area A game aimed at a specific concept that’s tested on the SAT- trigonometry, modelling, punctuation, etc- will be much more useful than something that just offers half-baked multiple choice questions on vocab words. This means that the best SAT prep games may not even be designed specifically for the SAT! They just need to work on building a skill or reviewing material that is covered on the SAT. #2: Engaging If the game is boring, you might as well just take practice tests. A prep game doesn’t have to be the most fun you’ve ever had, but it should break up your practice routine a little bit. #3: Content Is Accurate This seems like a no-brainer, but it’s very important to make sure that the game is actually presenting content accurately. Otherwise you could be studying incorrect material! I would include in this that multiple-choice questions need to actually resemble real SAT questions. Keep your SAT ducks in a row! Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today! 5 Solid SAT Prep Games If you want to incorporate some academic and SAT-prep games into your studying, there are several sources where you might look for actually useful games. #1:Sheppards Software This site has a variety of simple, educational flash games for pre-K through 12th grade. The math page has games for probability, algebra, geometry, and several other topics that appear the SAT. There are also word games in the Language Arts section that test your skill with punctuation and parts of speech. This is a solid resource if you find yourself getting stuck on a particular concept in math or language arts, and you just need to drill recall in a non-boring way. #2:FreeRice FreeRice is an online game in which you answer questions to fill up your bowl of rice; every correct question answered actually provides rice to someone in need. FreeRice has an SAT prep category, but I don’t advise using it as the questions are based on the old SAT. I think the English grammar mode is much more useful; you’ll pick the grammatically correct sentence and move through progressively harder levels as you keep choosing the right answer. This is good practice for your wrong-answer elimination skills on the Writing portion of the SAT! #3:NYTimes Student Crosswords This page has printable crosswords (and answer keys) in a variety of academic subjects, including several that are relevant to the SAT, like grammar, geometry, and algebra. These could function as a fun review of some key subject-matter concepts for the SAT. #4:Quizlet With a free account on Quizlet, you can access thousands of flashcard sets that others have uploaded to the site, including a variety of SAT prep sets. Of course, you’ll want to check out a set before you use it to study to make sure it actually has useful (and correct) information. What’s even better is that you can make a set yourself with the things you really need to drill down on. Once you make or choose a set, you can play with it in two game modes. There’s a matching game and a game where you prevent asteroids from hitting the planet by typing the correct answer. #5:Daily SAT Practice This is one of the less gamelike options out there, but it is an official College Board app. It offers you an official practice SAT question every day; once you answer the question you can compare how you did with other students. A solid option simply because all of the questions are College Board-approved. Make your SAT prep arsenal a full deck. How to Use SAT Prep Games in Your Own Studies While SAT games won’t replace the majority of your regular, unglamorous studying, they can supplement it in a few key ways. #1: To Target Specific Skills/Concepts SAT prep games can be helpful in targeting specific skills or concepts that you have trouble with. If commas stump you, try a punctuation game; if triangles trouble you, play a trigonometry or geometry game. Games can be a fun way to learn or reinforce an underlying concept you need to know for the SAT. #2: Keep Material Fresh Between Study Sessions A quick SAT game can be a good way to keep things fresh between dedicated preparation sessions. A few grammar questions on FreeRice will help keep your grammar brain fresh when you go a day or two without any serious prep time. #3: As Warm-ups, Breaks, and Rewards SAT practice games are also a great way to warm up your brain at the beginning of a study session, and a good way to re-energize yourself during a quick break. Playing an SAT game you like for a few minutes before you take a practice test will help turn on your brain and get the gears moving before the main event. You can also use prep games as a reward after you finish a study session to help wrap things up on a low-stress note! The judicious use of prep games can help you hit an SAT home run! Key Takeaways Do I think you could do all of your studying with prep games and do well? No, especially because most prep games are just poorly-written SAT quizzes. That said, here’s what does make a solid SAT prep game: It presents skills and content that are tested on the SAT It’s engaging It presents accurate information There are several sources you might look for to find game-like resources for SAT prep: Sheppards Software- Simple flash games for math and English concepts. FreeRice - Has an English grammar mode that’s useful for the Writing section. NYTimes Student Crosswords - A fun way to review fundamental concepts in a subject. Quizlet - Make your own flashcards and then play games with them! Daily SAT Practice - this College Board official app offers a question a day and lets you see how others did. While they won’t replace most of your studying, there are some targeted ways you might deploy SAT prep games as part of your preparation plan: To target specific skills/concept areas you are weak in Keeping material fresh between study sessions Warm-ups, breaks, and rewards during studying With these tips in mind, you’ll be sure to be able to get the most out of your SAT prep games instead of being played by them! What's Next? Looking for more SAT practice resources? Check our list of best SAT prep books.Or see our list of SAT practice tests. Want to score a super high SAT score?Get all the tips and expert advice you need inmy guide to getting a perfect SAT score. Looking for additional SAT prep help?Check out our picks for thetop SAT prep websitesandappsyou should be using in your studies. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We have the industry's leading SAT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and SAT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today:

PRE-LAUNCH DECISIONS WHICH INFLUENCE INNOVATION SUCCESS Essay

PRE-LAUNCH DECISIONS WHICH INFLUENCE INNOVATION SUCCESS - Essay Example The actors of the manufacturing world adapt to the innovation for increasing the availability of the complementary products. This in turn enhances the value of the innovation. The subsequent adopters reinforce this process for the promoting the double loop cycle (Frattini, 81-120). Using this system and allowing the early adopters and the network development personnel enhances the value of the innovation for the user. This further promotes long term strategic partnership between the members of the adoption network. This process also shares the risk and supports the systemic innovation. Different innovation products like the Palm Pilot, Apple and Nintendo have used this technique for reducing this risk associated with the innovation. In some of the cases such companies have also refused to share any sort of partnerships with the competitors and yet share the innovation. This leads to a commercial relationship and leads to potential profits realized by the organization. Adapting to thi s practice the companies commercializes their innovation which leads to the subsequent future benefits. Due to the increasing high tech innovations the target market comprises of the people who resist change. This leads to uncertainty when evaluating the opportunity. The willingness of the early adopters to buy the products is not backed by the critical members which are part of the adoption network. This represents signals to the later adopters and hence reduces resistance and uncertainty. Hence this shows the role of early adopters and network developments in the market acceptance process of innovation. Question # 2: Compare and contrast the critical factors that impact successful and unsuccessful innovations; pay particular attention to timing and positioning. The critical factors which impact on the successful and unsuccessful innovations are timing, targeting and positioning, inter-firm relationships, product, distribution, advertising and promotion and pricing. Comparing the p rocess signifies the success and failures of the process. For the inter-firm relationship it is signified that support is required from the critical administrators of the process. This ultimately leads to enhancing the value of the innovation. Increasing the availability of the complementary products will enhance the potential adoption for choosing the purchase of the innovation. Different strategic policies are initiated for initiating a long term partnership. The contributing role of the adoption networks also refers to content based innovations and promotes use of creative software’s for application development (Frattini, 81-120). Timing is considered as one of the most critical factors. The timing with which the innovations are formed is important for determining the degree of support which is ensured to the innovation. The analysis shows that often the firms act to postpone the establishment of strategic alliances. Once the innovation has been launched in the markets the n the critical players engaged with the product take the measures for promoting it. Timing is also critical because in certain situations the product fails to generate the sales in a particular segment. Example of such a situation is that Sony refused to partner with electronic outlets. Similarly the targeting and positioning of the innovations also plays a vital role. A firm easily succeeds in orchestrating the support from the adoption network players. The firms appropriately select the target market and they position the product accordingly for attracting the right set of customers. in some cases the response from the

Policy-Making in the Federal System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Policy-Making in the Federal System - Essay Example The health policy had a lot of benefits attached to it which would have revolutionized the way the health care system in the United States operated(ObamaCareFacts, n.d.). The policy recommends a subsidy given to every American on health insurance. This will mean inclusivity of even citizens who before were not eligible for health insurance enrollment. An additional benefit will be the fact that one cannot be denied the right to have health insurance coverage even if such persons have a pre-existing condition that before could not be insured. The policy also sought to prevent the ability to lose coverage when the illness exacerbates to levels that are uninsurable because of the associated rise in costs. Moreover, the government would provide subsidies to households that have low income to ensure that they also are included in health insurance (ObamaCareFacts, n.d.). The ObamaCare policy would also require employers who have full time employees to register them with health insurance. This ensures that every employee is covered with regards to health insurance. Health care reform in the United States has been the top talking point of every administration since the times Bill Clinton was the leader of the largest economy. Bill Clinton tried to reform the health care policy by requiring every employer to provide their employees with health insurance in 1993 but failed because his policy was termed complex. When Obama took over office, health care reform was among the top four items on his agenda. He instituted bills that led to the passing of the ObamaCare bill.

A 17th century audience Essay Example for Free

A 17th century audience Essay The Tempest is full of magic and illusion. Consider the effect this would have on a 17th century audience and a 21st century audience. How might the magic and illusion be presented today? William Shakespeare wrote The Tempest as a play. It was not intended for the text to be read by school children from a book. It was intended for performance in a theatre, where it would give enjoyment to an audience. One of the main themes of The Tempest is magic. Prospero is a magician, a sorcerer, a wizard, someone with magical powers. He uses these powers to make lots of things happen within the play. Indeed, the first scene focuses on the storm that Prospero has created to cause havoc on the ship upon which his enemies are travelling. At the beginning of the play, the storm just seems like any other storm, with an unfortunate crew being shipwrecked. By the end of Act 1, however, we discover that the storm was not a natural occurrence. Prospero conjured up the storm and deliberately picked out that ship. The audience get their first hint of this in Mirandas first speech of the play. Miranda has watched the storm destroy the ship and she feels pity for the shipwrecked people. In her opening line, she asks her father if the storm is a product of his magic: If by your art, my dearest father, you have Put the wild waters in this roar, allay them. This shows that Miranda knows about Prosperos magic. She may not know everything that he does with his powers, but she knows that he does have supernatural powers. This storm is the beginning of a plan that Prospero has thought up to wreak revenge on his enemies. The plan involves a lot of magic. After being stranded on the island for 12 years, Prospero has had time to perfect his powers and to dream up a plan, a plan that never could have taken place without the storm. Because of this, the initial storm has a massive impact on the rest of the play. It also gives the audience an idea of how strong Prosperos powers are. He is able to control the elements, something that only God is supposed to be able to do. However, as we learn later on in the play, Prospero may be able to conjure up storms and illusions, but he cannot control human nature, and must rely on good luck when trying to make Ferdinand and Miranda to fall in love.

Essay --

Vigilantism is deeply rooted in American tradition (Brown, 1975). Arising in response to an absence of law and order in early frontier regions, and a concern with self-protection and self-preservation, vigilantes were seen as valued members of society. One of the primary reasons for the value of vigilantes is that their jurisdiction began where the law ended (Burrows, 1976; Perry & Pugh, 1989). Moreover, vigilantes partook in behaviors that legal authorities would not, could not, and should not perform (Brown, 1975). Incidents of vigilantism are not isolated to the American frontier, though. Reports of vigilantism have emerged in countries such as the United Kingdom (Evans, 2003; Sharp, Atherton, & Williams, 2008), Kosovo (Wheeler, 2000), Nigeria (McCall, 2004), Indonesia (Barker, 2006), Israel (Yanay, 1993), and Ghana (Adinkrah, 2005). These reports often conjure up mixed beliefs. Some society members and organizations publicly chastise vigilantes (Hine, 1998; McCall, 2004; Perry & Pugh, 1989), while others publicly herald them as heroes (Perry & Pugh, 1989). Lawyers, judges, and citizens have seen vigilantes as necessary components in the framework of America (Brown, 1975) and several movies have idolized real (e.g., Issakaba series) and fictional vigilantes (e.g., Death Wish and Vigilante). Pundits and intellectuals have also defended real-life vigilantes (i.e., the Bakassi Boys) accused of torture, rape, and arbitrary imprisonment. Interestingly, individuals view behaviors such as rape and t orture as deplorable when enacted in everyday situations; however, when vigilantes behave in such a way, their actions are not viewed as negatively (Ekeh, 2002; McCall, 2004). Although the general concept of a vigilante is somewhat clear... ...g victims using the mechanism of dehumanization. Dehumanization removes human qualities and/or attributes from individuals by stripping them of thoughts and feelings. For example, during Vietnam, soldiers referred to the enemy as â€Å"gooks† rather than Vietnamese citizens (Kaiser, 1969). After removing the moniker of humanness, deplorable actions are more acceptable. If removing human qualities is not successful though, individuals might also ascribe demonic or bestial qualities to their victims (Bandura, 2002). Attribution of Blame Individuals might also derogate victims by using the attribution of blame mechanism of moral disengagement. Attribution of blame portrays the aggressor as a faultless victim driven to harmful conduct through forced action (Bandura, 2002). For example, some rapists suggest that the victim was â€Å"asking for it† by the way she dressed or acted.

Employees Resist Unions Essay

The National Labor Relations Act, a United States federal law that was passed in 1935, was aimed at restricting negative reactions elicited by employers when workers in the private sector take part in strikes or form labor unions (National Labor Board, 2010). Also referred to as the Wagner Act, the law seeks to protect the worker from an unfair treatment by the employer, which included prohibition of formation of labor unions by employees; employer’s active participation and domination in labor organizations; and employee discrimination due to charges filed against the employer (National Labor Board, 2010). Current statistics indicate that the American union membership, specifically in the private sector, has declined to under 9% since the enactment of the National Labor Relations act (White, 2010). Similarly, periodic surveys carried out by several market research farms show that few Americans are now willing to join labor unions compared to the first half of the twentieth century. A report from one of the telephone surveys carried out by Rasmussen Reports indicates that 47% of the unionized workers are of the opinion that most workers are unwilling to join labor organizations (White, 2010). One shocking statistic from the report shows that 81% of non- unionized workers would not want to join a labor union while only 9% were willing to join. As opposed to workers in the private sector, government workers are more likely to belong to a labor organization (White, 2010). There are several drawbacks associated with unions that discourage potential members. A high fee required by unions is in itself the most discouraging factor, especially in this era of global financial crunch. Another drawback for joining labor organization is that that the worker looses individuality. Labor organizations will give a ruling or decision based on a simple majority, but the decision by the majority might not necessarily represent views of all the unionized workers. Individual settlement of disputes between an employer and the employee may not be allowed by the union, even in a case whereby the agreement seems to be beneficial to both parties. Union leaders in this case make a decision concerning a worker’s individual complaint, a decision which sometimes might not be satisfactory to the worker. This lack of individual representation and bargain is of much concern for many employees. One other concern voiced by the un-unionized workers is that members can be fined for engaging in activities that are deemed ‘unconstitutional’ to the union’s regulations. Such activities range from seeking membership and representation from different unions to even breaking strike regulations. These fines can be substantial for the worker to pay and this can be enforced in a court of law. In conclusion, labor organizations are becoming less popular with time. Correct administrative and legal structures need to be put in place if the trend is to be reversed. Finally, public awareness on the benefits of labor unions should be carried out if the trend is to be reversed. References White, J. (2010). US Trade Union Members at Lowest Level More Than a Century. Retrieved May 8, 2010, from http://www. wsws. org/articles/2010/feb2010/unio-f03. shtml National labor Board. (2010). National Labor Relations Act. Retrieved May 8, 2010, from http://www. nlrb. gov/about_us/overview/national_labor_relations_act. aspx

P&G Pampers Diapers Market Analysis Essay

Introduction The product I chose is Pampers brand diapers, the largest brand of Procter & Gamble Company. It is an American global and diverse company that provides consumer packaged goods in the areas of beauty and grooming, health and well-being, and household care. According to Rehtmeyer (2010), P & G’s products are sold in more than 180 countries and its goal is to provide products of superior quality and value to improve the lives of world’s customers (p. 5). P & G is in a highly competitive market environment, with global, regional, and local competitors. The company is facing a high threat of competition because consumers have many different options of products from other competitive companies based on the price and brand strength. Therefore, to develop the company’s competitive advantages, P & G is focusing on the innovation of both products and operations with technological advances, and depending on effective sales, advertising, and marketing programs (Rehtmeyer, 20 10, p. 12). In addition, P & G states five strategies to achieve the success of business, products, operations, social responsibility, employees and stakeholders (â€Å"Sustainanility†, 2010, p. 5). The company delights consumers with sustainable innovations of products, improves the environmental operations, develops social responsibility programs, encourages employees to be engaged, and make stakeholders be responsible of shaping the company’s future. Pampers, the largest brand of diapers, which is famous around the world. Consumers are happy and satisfied as they use Pampers diapers, which can keep their kids dry, clean, safe and comfortable during their playing and sleeping time so that parents could be reassured about their children. The company is no longer focusing purely on babies but has expanded into targeting both pregnant women and toddlers (Mortimer, 2005, p.20). Pampers is targeting on pregnant women, infants and babies, and toddlers and preschoolers. For those pregnant women who are about to have babies, they prepare for the stuff of babies and they are interested in choosing high quality and safe diapers with small size; Parents who have already had babies , they are interested in softest, driest, and most sensitive diapers for their infants; Parents of toddlers and preschoolers, they are interested in larger sized comfortable  diapers and also training pants so that they could teach their kids toilet skills. To satisfy customers’ interest and needs, Pampers produce softest, driest, sensitive and most comfortable diapers with different sizes so that parents could select what they want based on the stages their kids in. Pampers also provides training pants for some of toddlers and all of preschoolers in order to assist those children who are in the process of toilet training. Thus, parents are able to select the products that fit their kids based on the absorbency, comfort and soft level. On the other hand, the company is committed to producing â€Å"green† products and invented life-cycle disposable and reusable diapers in order to deal with customers’ concerns, which clearly shows the socially responsible behavior of the company. As Mortimer (2005) illustrated that Pampers tried to develop on the p roducts innovation to address consumers’ environmental concerns (p. 23). Environmental Scan Social There is the increasing birth rate of women between age 25 and 34 in North America. According to Statistics Canada (2009), the most common group for women having children among the age between 25 and 34. Furthermore, there is highest fertility and birth rate of group age 25-29 and 30-34 in the U.S (â€Å"Child Trends Data Bank†, 2013). On the other hand, parents are becoming more conscious of environmental impact, and they are willing to be socially responsible role models for their children and community. Pampers offers people the ability to pursue a greener future. Economic Customers prefer cheaper products because of their old shopping habits and the competition from other companies provide the same products. However, consumers are willing to spend more on quality products. They are looking forward of new products which can satisfy their needs. With the economy improving, consumers have more stable and disposable income of trying innovative products. As Statistic Canada (2009) stated that women are having children later in Canada. For those women who are between 25-34 and have children later, they have more stable jobs and disposable incomes so that they are willing to spend money on good quality products to ensure their babies’ health. Pampers is economically priced and delivers high quality  products. Technological Pampers uses the technology of life-cycle analysis and develop environment-friendly diapers (â€Å"World Resources Institute†, 1994, p. 2). As people are more aware of eco-friendly practices, so the innovation technology of â€Å"greener products† should be advanced constantly. Also, Pampers innovation designed â€Å"Premium Care with Day Max technology† which is driest and thinnest diapers, and provides up to 12 hours dryness with ultimate comfort and protection (â€Å"Gokbulut, n.d., p.1). The company is concentrating on babies’ skin care, so Pampers invented this technology to protect each baby’s precious skin against wetness and make parents reassured about their babies’ skin. Additionally, the company advances their Internet system so that to make consumers convenient purchase online, and Pampers website also provides training education videos of their products. E-marketing is available for Pampers as well. The company cooperates with Epsilon International Company and use email survey with new research methodology as a marketing and communication channel to reach a wider audience and know customers’ needs and preferences. The survey email is created in multiple languages so that gives Pampers the widest possible reach, and instant access to their customer base (P&G Delivers, 2008, p.2). Competitive One of Pampers’ competitors is Huggies. Pampers has 35 % global market share and Huggies has 22 % global market share in 2012 and these two brands are available in over 50 countries around the world (Huggies vs. Pampers, n.d.). They have the same target audiences, pregnant women, infants, toddlers and preschoolers. Both of these two brands are in an average price (Huggies vs. Pampers, n.d.). From the perspective of quality, Huggies diapers have a more artificial and plastic-like feel to the outside, but Pampers diapers have a softer and more fabric-like feel to the outside (Huggies vs. Pampers, n.d.). Huggies is less aware of environmental consciousness. According to Bartenstein (2010), Huggies green washed to promise their products are environmental friendly and good for children, however, one of the product line, called â€Å"Pure and Natural† are made of a large number of artificial materials so that adding a considerable amount of  waste to America‘s landfills (p. 16). With the increasing number of people who are more conscious about eco-friendly, people prefer to choose greener products. Relevant Trends First, more people are concerning about environmental issues today, so eco-friendly diapers will attract more parents. Second, there would be a competitive trend. Huggies is improving their R&D system to create advanced technology on diapers. There is an application developed by Kimberly-Clark Corp. that alerts parents when their babies wet the diapers (Technavio, 2014). Parents would be happy with this application because they could easily know when their babies need new diapers so that they are able to change the diapers in time. Thus, it will propel the growth of the market during the forecast period. Third, women are having more children, but later in life. The average of women giving birth jumped from 27 (in 1996) to 29 (2009), and the first time of fertility rate of Canadian women aged 30-34 surpassed that of women aged 25-29 (Statistics Canada, 2009). Fourth, the economy is advancing. There would be more family have more stable jobs and disposable incomes to support their children. Last, there is a trend of increasing immigrants in Canada. As Ferrer (2013) pointed out that there is a trend of fertility of immigrants to Canada (p. 4). As a result, the market of diapers is growing. Consumer Scan First, the most significant factor that influences customers behavior is quality of products. Every parent wants their babies to use safe and healthy products. Making high quality products sustainability will help Pampers win more support of customers and keep customer loyalty. Second, moms tend to buy household things and they are more engaged of buying products in digital and social media. They could get recommended products from their friends or strangers, like word of mouth through social media channels. Moms tend to shop online and see comments of products from other moms through social media, such as facebook and twitter (Hanna, 2013). Online shopping is more flexible and convenient for moms because they do not have extra time for shopping because of the busy work or taking care of their babies. Third, there are 3 things influences moms of purchasing, the online coupons, communication community, and smartphones (Hanna, 2013). They  like coupons as a reward way of buying products, they want a public communication place to talk with other experienced moms, and they also want smartphones to get coupons, find nearby local deals and scan bar code of products. Those are the factors that influence customers. Conclusion and Recommendations Pampers has successful achieved on its business because it knows what their audiences concern about and evaluate on. Pampers is socially responsible of providing the constant innovation environment-friendly products with technology improvement. However, Pampers should put more investments on developing their R&D system of innovations so that to help babies communicate better with their moms, like diapers tracking application. Also, more moms like using social media to purchase on products and discuss the quality of products with others. Thereby, it is an effective advertising way for Pampers to build public community to let customers have access of talking with others in order to know more about the products. Furthermore, there is a trend that women are having children later, so Pampers should focus on advertising products with a wider range of age of women giving birth and the most important thing is to know the needs of consumers in different age groups. References Bartenstein, K. (2010, November 5). Going green: who’s committed and who’s faking their commitment? Western Connecticut State University. Retrieved from http://library.wcsu.edu/dspace/bitstream/0/532/1/Kim+Thesis+PDF.pdf Child Trends Data Bank. (2013, December). Fertility and birth rates. Child Trends Data Bank. Retrieved from http://www.childtrends.org/?indicators=fertility-and-birth-rates Epsilon International. (2008). Procter & Gamble delivers Pampers email survey with Epsilon International. Ferrer, A. (2013). The fertility of recent immigrants to Canada. Institute for the Study of Labor. IZA DP NO. 7289.Gokbulut, Y. (n.d.). Latest innovation. Retrieved from https://www.pg.com/en_US/downloads/innovation/factsheet_FINAL_Pampers_CEEMEA.pdf Hanna, B. (2013). CPG marketing trends: Pampers engaging moms via digital and social media [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.cpgtrends.com/2011/07/pampers-engaging-moms-via-digital-and-social-media/ Huggies vs. Pampers (n.d.). In Diffen. Retrieved from http://www.diffen.com/difference/Huggies_vs_Pampers Mortimer, R. (2005). Absorbing market share. Brand Strategy, (192), 20.Pampers, (2014). Baby care, development, and activities. Pampers. Retrieved from http://www.pampers.ca/home. P & G, Canada. (2010). Sustainability. P&G. Retrieved from http://www.pg.com/en_CA/downloads/PG_canada_sus_summary2010_2011.pdf Rehtmeyer, J. (2010). The Procter & Gamble Company. Educational Investment Fund.Statistics Canada. (2009, January 5). Women having children later. Statistic Canada. Retrieved from http://www41.statcan.gc.ca/2008/20000/ceb20000_000-eng.htm Technavio. (2014, March 5). Pampers or Huggies: Innovations in diaper technology creates fierce competition [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.technavio.com/blog/pampers-or-huggies-innovations-in-diaper-technology-creates-fierce-competition World Source s Institute. (1994). The Procter & Gamble Company: A Life-cycle analysis.

Student Research Paper

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Mortgage Fraud in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Mortgage Fraud in the UK - Essay Example While past research has focused on the personal motivating factors behind the commission of a white-collar crime, this particular article review several facets of the crime itself and explores the possible neighborhood risk factors that help attract the crime. From a national perspective, mortgage fraud seems to take place more frequently in neighborhoods that have low socioeconomic indicators. These links become even more distinct when the amount of fraud occurrences within the community is factored in as a variable. Upon disaggregating the data according to the region, the fraud indicator variables also display differing trend levels, perhaps indicating that as mortgage fraud practices begin to mature within an area, its community dynamics are likely to modify as well.  In conclusion, mortgage fraud is on the increase in the United Kingdom and good measures need to be put in place to curb the crime. A delay in proactive and preventive measures in regard to mortgage fraud will gre atly affect the economy and that the revenue collected by the government will reduce drastically. Mortgages have a long history spanning from the 12th century but have been in common use in the UK housing sector since 1925. The word mortgage is said to derive from the French for a ‘dead pledge’ meaning â€Å"the one in which the borrower has to find ways to repay the loan† (Giles 2009). According to Giles (2009), the process of securing a mortgage can be defined as â€Å"Alien on a piece of land or property as security for a debt†. During late 2008 and early 2009, the downturn in the UK economy had a drastic impact on the once strong housing sector with house prices slumping and mortgage approval decisions declining (House Price Crash 2009). A leading factor as to why lenders run into financial trouble was lending to applicants who had provided falsified information (BBC News 2009).  

POLITICS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

POLITICS - Essay Example Although there are definitely many advantages to the structure of the political system in Britain, there has been great controversy and debate over the questionable matter of why center parties have failed to have more of an impact on British electoral politics, in particular since the start of the 1940s. In response to this, there are various issues that need to be taken into consideration, and the aim of this paper is to further discuss this matter, as well as the reasons and situations which can be used to explain this troubling situation. This is what will be dissertated in the following. The arrangement of government across the United Kingdom in general is considered as being rather complex and confusing. Presently there are some areas in England that are covered by parish councils, while many others, namely community councils, exist in Scotland and Wales. This is certainly nothing new, however, as British local government has been subject to major restructuring since as far back as the early 1940s. Prior to the mid-19th century, the Whigs and Tories pretty much dominated politics in Britain, the Whigs having been associated with the newly emerging industrialized classes, the Tories more with the landed gentry. The Whigs are often described as being one of the most popular political parties ever to reign in Britain, and although they were certainly present in the 1940s, they did not truly evolve until the late 1980s. The Whigs and Tories basically dominated the political scene until around 1920, which was about the time that the Liberal Party began to decline in ter ms of its popularity, and the Labour Party then stepped in to sort of take their place here, and since that point in time, it has been the Conservative and Labour Parties who have held the title of political domination in Britain. The Conservative Party is actually the second largest political party in the UK today, and as well the oldest in UK history. In regards to current policies, conservatives are "generally supportive of reduced government intervention in most matters. They are also noted for stance against further EU integration Conservatives hold a varying record of opposition and support on parliamentary devolution to the national the English regions of the UK. They opposed devolution to Wales and Scotland in 1997, whilst supporting it for Northern Ireland." (The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 2006). The Labour Party, on the other hand, has been recognized as the principal party of the left in Britain since the late 1920s, and it is also known for being the largest party in the Welsh Assembly. Although these center parties do certainly still have an effect on British electoral politics, it has easily been recognized that this effect is much less impacting than it was a half century ago, and this issue is quite obviously one of great importance and necessity. The problem with party finance is one issue in particular which is considered as having played a major role in this situation, and the study of party finance as well as the resulting consequences are thus critical to take into account here. Parties have been continuing to spend more and more money over the years, and this has resulted in causing a number of different problems, in response to which several bills have actually been passed. One in particular