Medical Informatics in the Management of Diabetes Essay Example

Clinical Informatics in the Management of Diabetes Paper Studies indicated that the expense for quality social insurance increments yet it is turning out to be wasteful with regards to conveying administration. One reason for this is the expense of recordkeeping, a significant part in medicinal services. The Health Information Technology (HIT) was presented for precise preparing of reports and to monitor the projects and needs of the human services buyers. It will handle issues presented by cost, access and quality. It alludes to PC equipment and programming that stores, recovers and offers human services data for use by social insurance suppliers and purchasers in dynamic. HIT has numerous advantages available for the medicinal services framework. Social insurance purchasers will be guaranteed that they can get the best clinical merchandise and ventures from human services frameworks. They can reduce expenses while simultaneously getting the best social insurance there is. Illnesses will likewise be forestalled in their beginning periods. Putting away patient clinical records electronically takes into consideration improved exactness and security of records. It is simpler to follow singular records when required and the human services suppliers can info or change information simpler and quicker. We will compose a custom paper test on Medical Informatics in the Management of Diabetes explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Medical Informatics in the Management of Diabetes explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Medical Informatics in the Management of Diabetes explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Other than being practical, putting away records electronically helps specialists in settling on speedier and better educated choices. The patients will likewise be guaranteed that their clinical records and in great hands. In any case, this type of keeping records might be wasteful now and again. A supplier may enter information on an inappropriate record. Electronic clinical records are not ensured, and this prompts an increasingly major issue. The most serious issue that appears to emerge from this is on protection. With a tick of the mouse, it is simpler to investigate someone’s individual wellbeing data and it tends to be passed around without the patient knowing it. This would make numerous patients helpless particularly when their records are utilized for purposes other than clinical. REFERENCE Sennet, Cary and Daniel Wolfson. (2006). Subduing Health Care Inefficiency. Diabetes is a genuine ailment portrayed by the failure of the body to direct glucose levels in the blood. In Type 1, which is typically youth beginning, the pancreas doesn't create insulin, a hormone that is fundamental for cells to retain glucose and use it for digestion. In the more typical and normally grown-up beginning Type 2, the body produces insulin however at lacking levels or cells in the body have a diminished affectability to the hormone, consequently unfit to assimilate insulin (American Diabetes Association, 2008). The high glucose levels or hyperglycemia in diabetics is the essential driver for hazardous intricacies which incorporate coronary illness, kidney disappointment, nerve harm, harm to veins, corruption in the furthest points bringing about removal, stroke, ketoacidosis prompting diabetic trance like state and delayed purging of gastric substance (American Diabetes Association, 2008). Diabetes likewise fundamentally builds the dangers to creating glaucoma, waterfalls and if unmanaged, in the end prompts visual deficiency. The treatment for diabetes is an unpredictable procedure which includes settling the high blood glucose levels, keeping minor complexities from getting all out, overseeing side effects and significant confusions just as founding proper way of life changes. Prescriptions and insulin shots, standard retinopathy and pee ketone tests, consistent blood glucose observing, diet and practice and legitimate foot care are a portion of the treatment strategies (Schaffer, 2008). Since there is as of now no remedy for the ailment and treatment is both thorough and long haul, diabetics need to learn self-checking abilities for ketones and blood glucose levels, self-organization of insulin and prescriptions, how to purchase and store diabetes supplies just as weight and nourishment the executives so as to deflect crisis conditions (Schaffer, 2008). At the point when genuine intricacies emerge, these are typically rewarded through concentrated drugs, medical procedure and kidney transplants in case of irreversible kidney harm. Ebb and flow Equipment Used by Diabetics There are classes of gear that are as of now being utilized by diabetics and their parental figures in rewarding the malady. Bio signals, biomedical gadgets, insulin siphons, persistent glucose observing gadgets, insulin pens and siphons, retinopathy screening machines, blood glucose screens, lancets and spearing gadgets are such gear where most can be utilized in the home setting and breaking point the requirement for every day visits to the human services office while giving viable treatment. Insulin siphons, for example, the MiniMed Paradigmâ ® 722, are gadgets comprising of a PC, a siphon with insulin gracefully and a catheter embedded into the stomach fat of a diabetic (Hurd, 2007). They are intended to supplant singular insulin shots and permit more noteworthy power over insulin measurement to fit one’s action, food admission and glucose levels. Dose data is gone into the PC which siphons the specific sum through the catheter. Insulin pens, similar to the HumaPen ® LUXURAâ„ ¢ HD, are utilized to self-manage insulin and have pre-topped cartridges of off to 300 units, a needle toward one side, an unclogger at the other and look like pen markers (Douglass, 2008). Pointers in the pen give data with regards to the scope of portions that can be controlled, measure of insulin left, the date/time/doses of insulin taken as of late or how to fix wrong dose guidelines. The MiniMed Paradigmâ ® REAL-Time Continuous Glucose Monitoring System is a little gadget made out of glucose sensors, a transmitter, a caution and a little PC that are persistently connected to the midsection (Minimed. com, 2008). The sensors transmit a blood glucose estimation for each moment that transmitted and showed on the PC screen just as mean estimations per 5 minutes, glucose level patterns and their course. Unusual glucose levels trigger the alert. Blood glucose screens may either come as blood glucose meters, for example, PocketChem EZ or synthetic test strips which are outwardly contrasted with a shading diagram to acquire a perusing. Glucose meters require a test strip and a lancet. A drop of blood is spread on the strip to be taken care of into the meter which supplies an estimation (Douglass, 2008). PocketChem EZ can store in excess of 200 downloadable test results with time and dates demonstrated. A lancet is a metal with a needle like end used to prick the finger or elective destinations in the body to acquire minute measures of blood for testing and are held in spearing gadgets to encourage use. A model is the Vitalcare Lancet Device which resembles a pen and uses Vitalcare lancets or other standard lancets (Douglass, 2008). The sterile lancet is set in a holder inside the pen and slight weight coordinated at the trigger will discharge it. An advanced retinal camera, for example, the Canon CF-1 is utilized for retinopathy or diabetic eye issue screening. After eye drops are applied to broaden the patient’s understudies, high goals indicative pictures of the back segment of the eyes are acquired for examination (Canon. com, 2008). The CF-1 accompanies a Retinal Imaging Control Software and adjusts to the Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine interface permitting pictures to be incorporated into other picture the board frameworks just as permits the gadget to associate with different system arrangements (Canon. com, 2008). Biosignals are any quantifiable electrical and non-electrical signals in the human body while biomedical gadgets involve the utilization of living creatures and their procedures in the treatment of sickness (Singh, 2006). An application with respect to diabetes is the method of joining a pocket which contains transplanted insulin-delivering cells into enormous veins where they can multiply and yield truly necessary insulin (Kanaujia, 2007). Present day Technologies Used in the Treatment of Diabetes With the abundance of information that a diabetic needs to fight with in managing his/her condition, authoritative devices are important so as to produce precise, valuable and ideal data for an increasingly proficient and compelling self-administration of the illness in a joint effort with her medicinal services group. For example, the diabetic needs to procure data with respect to the foreseen impacts of nourishments she intends to eat or exercises she needs to participate in on her glucose levels. The diabetic at that point needs to figure the measurement of insulin that she ought to get and when. She may have different drugs that have their own dose directions. She additionally has ordinary timetables for pee tests and retinal screening. She needs to keep tabs of her flexibly of insulin, lancets and test strips. She needs to routinely screen her glucose levels, vitals signs and her weight. She needs to cling to doctor suggested foot care and different medicines. Advances in the field of clinical informatics has took into consideration the coordinated utilization of data, correspondence and clinical innovations in overseeing tolerant information and has improved numerous different features of human services. In any case, clinical informatics doesn't just profit the social insurance group yet additionally singular patients, for example, diabetics. The dissemination of innovation permitted frameworks and gadgets to be adjusted and produced for quiet use. A lot of administrative apparatuses that altogether work to empower an a lot less difficult however increasingly exact diabetes self-administration is the Diabetes Pilotâ„ ¢. It is a product structured and tried by diabetics to supplant the traditional technique for physically wr

Strategic Management of Information Systems Essay - 1

Key Management of Information Systems - Essay Example The Information Systems (IS) can be considered for instance of such division. Truth be told, it appears that the connection between IS procedure and business technique is very close. This implies the achievement of business methodology is profoundly relied upon the viability of IS procedure and the other way around. Then again, the intercession of IS procedure on business system isn't normalized, as of its level; rather contrasts can be recognized across organizations in various enterprises. The connection between the IS system and the business technique is investigated in this paper by alluding to a specific association. The firm works in the money related administrations industry; it is suggested that the reliance of the firm on IS frameworks is solid. During the most recent 3 years the firm has figured out how to accomplish a fast development, a reality that has been identified with the adequacy of its IS. Nonetheless, disappointments, at operational level, have not been stayed away from, a difficult that could influence the business execution in the long haul. The introduction and examination of the firm’s IS procedure and business technique could assist with understanding the job of these methodologies in the accomplishment of upper hand and the models that a fruitful venture on IS frameworks should meet. At the following level, proposals are made for building up a hazard the executives technique with the goal that the odds for serious authoritative disappoin tments later on are limited. Inside every association IS can have an alternate job. For instance, there are IS frameworks that are created for tending to explicit business issues (Oz 2008). There are likewise IS frameworks that are presented distinctly for ‘creating opportunities’ (Oz 2008, p.42). These open doors plan to assist an association with increasing its intensity in its industry, either at neighborhood or worldwide level (Oz 2008). The above IS frameworks are otherwise called ‘strategic data frameworks, SIS’ (Oz 2008, p.42). These IS frameworks are of basic significance for business

Essay Sample on Global Education Workshop

Essay Sample on Global Education Workshop Global Education Workshop Dec 19, 2019 in Education Introduction Nowadays, global education has become an important issue. Due to rapid changes, diversity, and interdependence of the world population, global education offers new perspectives in the global international market. New technology allows the world community to interact with each other regardless of boundaries. In todays international environment, more and more people are involved in the international business. To be successful in the modern global environment, students should learn how to behave and think globally. This new knowledge allows citizens of different countries to communicate and interact with each other providing business internationally. Current paper analyzes the specification of global education and its impact on students development. Learning Outcomes of the Workshop In fact, no nation can develop its business independently. The research asserts that it has become a common fact that global education empowers students to understand their roles in the diverse global environment (Spring, 2014). Thus, global education effectively promotes understanding of different cultures, geography, languages, and global perspectives. Students should learn how to succeed in the global market through global education. A new generation should learn how to make their lives more flourishing. Kirkwood-Tucker (2009) assumed that the growth of worldwide educational institutions, networks, and discourses has led to similar national educational agendas, particularly the concept of education as economic investment. Consequently, educational discourses around the world often refer to economic growth, teaching-work related skills, and lifelong learning for work. Currently, the global economy requires a large migration of professionals throughout the world. Learning outcomes of the workshop are determined by knowledge and skills that have been obtained during their study. In order to gain certain outcomes in learning, educators should clearly determine a learning activity of students. Thus, while planning, educators should focus on students behavior that differs from the traditional education process. Furthermore, global education requires identifying what should be learned providing special directions and instructions. Finally, it is necessary to plan what is to be accomplished. Specific Elements of Global Education Global education deals with a specific audience, context, and discipline. Thus, global education should be adapted to the various flows of people that represent a diverse population (Rotberg, 2010). The flow of ideas and practices regardless of nation, race, and ethnicity is of particular importance for education. Admittedly, many nations tended to adapt the Western model of education throughout the history. Nowadays, many global education programs are implemented in many educational establishments. These programs differ from one another in context, disciplines, and audience. .fod-banner { display: table; width: 100%; height: 100px; background-color: #04b5af; background-image: url('/images/banners/fod-banner-bg-1.png'), url('/images/banners/fod-banner-bg-2.png'); background-position: left center, right center; background-repeat: no-repeat; } .fod-banner .button { min-width: 120px; } .fod-banner-content { height: 100px; display: table-cell; vertical-align: middle; color: #ffffff; width: 100%; text-align: center; padding-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; } .fod-banner-content > span:first-child { font-size: 15px; font-weight: 100; } .fod-banner-content-discount-text { font-size: 16px; } .fod-banner-content-discount-text span { font-size: 18px; color: #ffe98f; font-weight: bold; } .fod-banner-content-image { vertical-align: middle; } .fod-banner img.fod-banner-content-image { width: auto; } @media all and (min-width: 993px) and (max-width: 1320px) { .fod-banner { background-image: none; } } @media all and (min-width: 845px) and (max-width: 992px) { .fod-banner-content > span:first-child { font-size: 18px; } .fod-banner-content-discount-text { font-size: 20px; } .fod-banner-content-discount-text span { font-size: 24px; } } @media all and (max-width: 740px) { .fod-banner { background-image: url('/images/banners/fod-banner-bg-2.png'); background-position: right center; background-repeat: no-repeat; } } @media all and (max-width: 670px) { .fod-banner { background-image: none; } .fod-banner-content { padding: 15px 10px; } .fod-banner img, .fod-banner-content-discount-text { display: block; margin: 0 auto; } .fod-banner-content > span:first-child { font-size: 28px; } .fod-banner-content-discount-text { font-size: 20px; } .fod-banner-content-discount-text span { font-size: 24px; } } Limited time offer! Get 15% OFF your first order Order now Planning a workshop for the global education program, teachers should consider the level of confidence, skills, knowledge, and the competence of specific audience. It is also important to determine appropriate theories in accordance with disciplines. For example, students should learn ethical and competent communication. Critical thinking is another important issue in global learning. Critical thinking helps learners to live reasonably and rationally in the new global environment. A comparative approach of global education helps students to integrate into specific disciplines such as geography, history, economics, and political science. Different content requires students to understand similarities and differences among cultures. A Global Education Model for the Workshop A global education model for the workshop may include: Implementation of new global content and strategies Improvement in individual school plans Creation of lessons plans in accordance with the global themes Implementation of new curricular designs Implementation of best practices Brainstorming and decision making Spring (2014) argued that it was rather difficult for teachers to teach about global content issues or global systems. Teachers should cultivate multidisciplinary knowledge in students. Thus, students should learn how the world works, especially from the points of view of diverse people in the world. Teachers attitudes, knowledge, and skills shape their students for effective global citizenship in a troubled, interdependent world. Models and Examples of Global Education Global education requires implementation of models that can guide teachers in their work. Thus, one of these models is the Global Education Initiative model that empowers people to participate effectively in the educational process. This model helps educators to provide systematic planning and analyze partnership initiatives. The Global Education Initiative Model comprises twelve components that are interrelated with each other. Monitoring and evaluation are essential elements of this model. Planning, communication, and implementation of core values and objectives are among this list of the model requirements. For example, the Global Education Initiative model was successfully implemented in India and Egypt in 2005-2006 and reached successful outcomes. The Global Education Model of Schooling serves to receive best outcomes from learning. The goal of this model is to develop love for all peers regardless of their race, ethnicity, and religion. Rotberg (2010) noticed that this model requires teaching children how to think globally, and respect and understand others. For example, todays school environment consists of diverse groups of children who should learn how to communicate with each other and create friendly relationship. Global Education Model of Schooling tends to eliminate discrimination in educational facilities. For example, teachers and other educators create diverse groups of children that can interact with each other through different activities. This model facilitates the development of proper communication skills, respect to students with diverse background, emotional stability, and other positive traits. The Technology Acceptance Model is a model that organizes the work of students using new technology. Students learn how to use and share online information. Users create a new relationship due to the Technology Acceptance Model. Practically, students in developed countries have easy access to the Internet and are experienced in new technology. However, many people from underdeveloped countries have difficulties with using new technology in their studies. For example, children in India or other poor countries are often illiterate. Conclusion Global education is an important issue in the modern world. It offers new perspectives in the global international market. Global education empowers students all over the world to be a part of the globalized world without borders and boundaries. Every educational institution should develop a global education model for the workshop.

Relationship Between Humans and the Environment in Ancient Mesopotamia - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1890 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/07/29 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Gilgamesh Essay Did you like this example? The relationship between human beings and the environment connects very well with each other because mortals were a big significant of that specific place at a certain stance in life. Humans created various kinds of resources that impacted so many empires that lived there for a long period just like the Babylonian empire. Civilization was also brought in together from the people that collaborated in the vivacity of life. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Relationship Between Humans and the Environment in Ancient Mesopotamia" essay for you Create order Mortals were the reasons why there were many diverse inventions and tools that we still use in todays modern world. The influential artifacts and language that they left behind showed us that humans werent just an important part of the environment, but also an enormous role of society too. Temples and pyramids were also built by different and creative hands which shows us that culture is the top primary sources to humans. From the ancient story, Gilgamesh, the king who would show nothing but cruelty with his lack of proper care towards his people somehow came through the realization that his people and his home was his most prized possession, a gift that could have never happened in his lifetime knowing that life could end up poorly for him. Citizens who lived in ancient times in Mesopotamia grew crops there ,therefore, humans could move and adapt to the agriculture life in different areas. In the story, Epic of Gilgamesh, it didnt just indicate how people adjusted to the environment , but it also gave us comprehensive settings to make us understand that life today isnt any different from the past. In my opinion, the relationship in the ancient period isnt any different from what I see here in this new generation. I say this because from what Ive read and seen, these dictators had not changed one bit. From what Ive gained from reading in the book on tablet 1, page 2 and lines 37 to 40, it said, Gilgamesh the tall, magnificent and terrible, who opened passes in the mountains, who dug wells on the slopes of the uplands, and crossed the ocean, the wide sea to the sunrise, indicates that Gilgamesh wasnt a good king. Another citation that indicated that he was a bad king was on tablet 1 page 4 and lines 75 to 79 it said, [Though powerful, pre-eminent] expert [and mighty, ] [Gilgamesh] lets [no] girl go free to [her bridegroom.] The warriors daughter, the young mans bride, to their complaint the goddess paid heed. This is telling us that Gilgamesh didnt let any women go free without sleeping with them, which made his people in Uruk exhausted to the extent where they had to go tell th e gods about his wrong doings, since no one could stop him from the toxic doings he had been bringing upon his people. He let his people down just like the president we have right now. Even though theyre two different people, they have the power to control their people with their own set of laws. Our environment hasnt changed at all because all the things that were created were only meant to past down to different generations just to recreate history again. From what I have seen, people havent changed their way of thinking on what they should achieve and what they should let go of. But to justify what Im trying to say, the relationship between humans and the environment in Mesopotamia is how you would look at the world today. Just different stories of myths and legends, though there are many changes in the society that we live in. There are still political rules and laws that people still cant follow, especially in the place where the government controls everything. In the book, Epi c of Gilgamesh, it told us how Enkidu and Gilgamesh destroyed the living creatures that they came across, or the ones that they just wanted to kill. On tablet 6 page 47, they killed the guardian of the Cedar forest who is also known as Humbaba when he hasnt done any damage to them. This also didnt end up too well because they had to pay for their sins not just because they killed Humbaba, but other bad things that they put themselves into. What this story is trying to tell us is that what we do to the environment, it will certainly come back to us since we live there and were the ones that are making that kind of impact on the environment. Without nature and an environment, we wouldnt have life today. Our environment and the environment in Mesopotamia isnt any different because humans still treat this world as if it was a trashbag, humans didnt know how to keep this world as clean as we wished we could, this is whats causing diseases and deaths because humans cant learn how to take care of each other and our society. In our environment, we either caused deaths or spread our sickness to each other which hasnt change in either periods because no matter how many laws are out there, it cant really protect us from what we do. This is why I say no matter where you are, or the kind of person you act like, our environment will remain the same no matter how hard you try to persuade our society and humans. The environment in Mesopotamia also had many great advantages from humans which is also why were giving our best shot to protect our nature. Humans dont always destroy nature, but they also grew the nutrients that we have today. Without the help from the humans in Mesopotamia, we wouldnt know the significance in agriculture and how important it is to keep the environment in stable conditions. Agriculture was always a tradition especially to farmers and to the people back in the day because they didnt have the technologies that we have today, so all they could do was plant crops to harvest. Humans depend on nature and plants according to Epic of Gilgamesh on tablet 11 page 98 and lines 283-286 it said, There is a plant that [looks] like a box-thorn, it has prickles like a dogrose, and will [prick who plucks it.] But if you can possess this plant, [youll be again as you were in your youth.] This informs us that plants were not only a part of agriculture, but also a healing process that could restore your youth. Gilgamesh wanted to be immortal and tried everything to accomplish his desires and at the end he got something even better which is a special plant that could make feel young again. After knowing this information, this tells us that humans dont appreciate agriculture enough, even though they created agriculture themselves. Nature was made by hands and the fine soil in Mesopotamia which was really fascinating knowing that agriculture can give you wealth and food, and it also heals you in many ways. Humans relationship is also a cause for the environment too, I say this because the surrounding environment isnt just nature, but also the people that are surrounding it every day. In the beginning, Gilgamesh was always cruel and was a substandard king, after he met Enkidu his perspective changed a lot, and he started to take notice in his environment more. On tablet 11 page 70 and lines 1-4 it said, For his friend Enkidu Gilgamesh did bitterly weep as he wandered the wild: I shall die, and shall I not then be as Enkidu? Sorrow has entered my heart! This citation tells us that humans relationship changes everything, if you lose someone important you start to show the dark side of you, just like in the book, Gilgamesh started to do things that he has never done before after he lost his brother. This apprise us that humans relationship could change the environment if they can accept their true nature. If theres no good relationship in this world, we wouldnt know how to live and our e nvironment would be a devastated place. Just like in the book, the people that lived in Uruk didnt respect Gilgamesh at all. They had to talk to the gods about his behavior and the people there didnt feel like living there because of the bad society that Gilgamesh had created and with the lack of communication. In my perspective, making those who depend on you feel like they belong to a certain area is always the key of life, if your someone who has the power to do so. If youre a bad leader, that environment around you wouldnt be a place that people would want to live in, but rather a living hell for your society. I felt like Gilgamesh never really found true love at first, but he did at the end which is his brother Enkidu who helped changed everything about Gilgamesh. He taught Gilgamesh from right and wrong and protected him like a real blood brother and this was what made Gilgamesh into a better, and thoughtful person. After accomplishing their mission and after his loss of his b rother, Gilgamesh invited his people and living creatures to come see the most important person in his life. This shows us that after the gratitude of their friendship and after everything that Enkidu had taught Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh kind of changed and realized how important his society was. This is why I say that if there are no interaction in our society and our environment, the place wouldnt feel like home, so people would have to move and adjust to another place just like herds of animals. Of course this isnt a good way to describe humans, but this was how peoples life was like in the past, they had to move from place to another because they couldnt benefit anything from the area before. In conclusion, the relationship between the people and the environment in Mesopotamia is that there wont always be agreements, therell always be difficulties in life. Humans learn how to take care of each other and the environment, while the environment needs humans to produce nature and create history. Without the connection between humans and the environment in Mesopotamia, there wouldnt be history such as the ancient book were talking about right now. In the book, there were so many connections and disagreements between all the characters, which told us a lot about the kind of environment they lived in. The people in Mesopotamia didnt just live there as a normal person every day, but they learned the hard way to make sure they could survive in that kind of environment, since diseases couldnt be helped during that period from the lack of education and knowledge. During that time, there were different pharaohs and dictators that had different laws and different ways of how they want ed to control their society. There were some kings who treated their people fairly, and some who had no respect for themselves or their people. The environment there was a natural resource for the people in Uruk. Even though the book doesnt mention a lot about the environment there, we could already tell that without the help from nature and people, there wouldnt be life there at all. Humans adapted to their environment and they are the ones who are responsible for the damages that happens to their environment. In the end, humans learn to accept the quality of life, and the habitat that their environment gives to them.

A Deadly Mistake Uncovered on Ielts Essay Topics with Answers and How to Avoid It

A Deadly Mistake Uncovered on Ielts Essay Topics with Answers and How to Avoid It All About Ielts Essay Topics with Answers Other men and women feel it is important to rest the mind during leisure time. Think of examples of the situations you mention instead of locating a way to explain them. When some people believe it is an excellent thing, others do not agree. Secondly, wealthy people have a tendency to draw the wrong kind of individuals. Spanish teachers (and obviously other foriegn language teachers) may desire to guarantee a particular proportion of their class can describe their loved ones or the weather in Spanish by the conclusion of the semester. Other folks think that universities must accept students of all ages no matter their prior grades. Some students have a tendency to play computer games as opposed to do sports. In some countries students who don't behave are requested to leave the school permanently. The New Angle On Ielts Essay Topics with Answers Ju st Released Other folks claim it is much better to start work after school and earn experience in the realm of work. Lots of people say that the only approach to guarantee a superior job is to finish a plan of university education. Information The prominent reason behind attending an education fair is the chance to receive all the information regarding your program. Another issue is that such restricted living quarters provide no space for exercise that's a critical requirement for healthier living. Essays are extremely personalized. Other individuals believe it's up to each person to be environmentally responsible. Some men and women claim that students should revolve around the subjects they are interested or in best at, but others think that should learn all school subjects. Other people say that individuals ought to be permitted to work for as long as they are able and wish to. The Demise of Ielts Essay Topics with Answers In others, children concentrate on a narrow a rray of subjects related to a certain career. Some people believe a feeling of competition in children ought to be encouraged. They think that young people should go to university, while other people say that they should skip university and go straight to work. For example, parents are keep your eye on their children's eating habit and be certain to take healthier food whilst reducing the caliber of junk food. All people ought to be vegetarian. On one hand, they feel sharing a common language may help to encourage economical development in the world. Some people think that money is easily the most important aspect for achieving happiness. Many people think that money is the secret to happiness and that the more income you possess the happier you become. The Basic Facts of Ielts Essay Topics with Answers If you're reading an English newspaper, search for articles on the usual topics and highlight any great vocabulary. It is likewise very important to review words regularly. The essay questions are broken up into common PTE Essay writing. It is very important that you fully understand the questions, particularly for task 2, the essay. Thus don't get intimidated if you believe you cannot write such essays. There are broadly four kinds of essays. They can be both formal as well as informal. Formal essays are usually academic in nature and tackle significant topics. As you prepare for the IELTS exam, you ought to be working to construct your vocabulary for a wide range of topics. Despite the fact that you might be at an identical IELTS level you'll have different strengths and weaknesses. To enhance the general score, section wise practice is vital. If you find yourself with a high score in IELTS, then there are many doors open for you in the event that you wish to study in Canada, Australia or another nation. What Everybody Dislikes About Ielts Essay Topics with Answers and Why If you're writing an opinion essay, make sure that you can determine either side of the problem. Possessing relevant vocabulary for each topic will provide you a huge benefit. Also, make sure to check at the word in a sentence to be attentive to the way it relates to other words. Attempting to use a single remedy to address a big problem like productivity may not get the job done very well. You should generate ideas during the test and produce examples from your own wisdom and experience. Special attention to your application will produce the process quick, easy and quick. The different structures that are necessary for each one of the different varieties of questions are clearly identified and explained. Practice tests also offer you insights about the sorts of questions that you will be asked and the answers they require. There are a few special instructions you must adhere to that mention in the paper, but what you've got to do in between 40 minutes. Several languages die each year. You may also make an outline. Before you commence writing, you must make an outline. A growing number of individuals are opting to dwell in high rise apartment blocks. The money given to aid poor countries does not address the issue of poverty, so rich countries should offer different forms of help instead. Some people think that environmental problems are too big for people to deal with, and that action is necessary from the government even though others believe individuals should take some action. A more severe issue is that the high price of a university education will signify that lots of families are reluctant to have more than 1 child, exacerbating the falling birthrates in some specific countries.

National economic policy Free Essays

On the issue of the global war on terror there are various effects which come along with the paying for the long-term war on terror. The huge amounts spent on this kind of war are spent through the government, through the private and other indirect means in the economy and these costs will need to be paid in the years to come. The policy or programs recommended addressing the likely effects of paying for the war on terror World trade organization The world trade organization as an international organization promotes liberalization by encouraging all the nations to lower their existing trade barriers. We will write a custom essay sample on National economic policy or any similar topic only for you Order Now In addressing the issue of the global war on terror the world trade organization has a mechanism by which it settles and also resolves various disputes without the result of any costly trade wars. Since the United States is a member of the world trade organization the country’s markets have been liberalized (William D. Orpheus 2002) Social security The social security program is highly recommended in addressing the likely effects of war on terror. This ensures that the country has provided its citizens with the security that is needed against the attacks from the country’s enemies. Through the social security program the American citizens are given internal as well as the external security and they are also made to feel very safe in their own country. This is achieved by the continual; manning of the country’s entry points such as the airports and the sea. Ports. On the other hand there is lot of surveillance in the country and this prevents any possible attacks from the terrorists. The social security fund similarly ensures that the social welfare of the country’s citizen is well catered for and the citizens are well aware of their social security in terms of their social welfare. (U.S. Department of Justice 2002) Medicare and Medicaid spending The Medicare and also the medic aid spending are also recommended in addressing the likely effects of paying for the long term war on terror. This provides the soldiers and also those who are involved in the war on terrorism a cover on their medical spending. The long-term financial strategy and the unique fiscal challenges of paying for the long term war on terror The American national security highly depends on the country’s financial security. There has been a revolutionary war debt in America and this and this has been a very huge threat to the nation’s creditworthiness and also its very existence. There has been an establishment of various financial principles in order to further secure the country. The country has been borrowing a lot so that it can pay for the war in Iraq as well as the short sighted tax cuts in the face of the long term war on terror which has been running against the American tradition thus placing the country into a security peril. (Daniel McGinnis with Suzanne Smalley 2003) This has led the American government to further realign its economic policies on the country’s taxes, the social security, Medicare, and also the country’s oil dependency so as to safeguard the American liberty as well as its future. The need to pay for the war on terror in America has driven the country to a financial innovation the American common duties for instance have often fallen off with the existing hostilities and this has further led to the increased reliance on the consumption and also the excise taxes. This has highly cut the civilians demand and freeing up the war resources but it has been very burdensome on the poor Americans. On the other hand the taxes on the businesses in America and also the wealthy people are very popular however they do not this do not reduce the consumption in the country and they also discourage an energetic investment in the country’s war industries. If it is broad based the financial debt can cement the support on the war but if it is not then it could lead to a class of creditors who have excessive political power. The shortsighted fiscal policy The forging of the American fiscal policy has not been very simple since most of the American president’s have been frequently facing the congressional resistance to the country’s massive tax and its borrowing requests on several occasions. It has been found that the fiscal policy can not be only about the raising of very huge sums of money even though this is very important for the country as it addresses the issue of war on terror. But the fiscal policy could also be about finding several ways in resolving the country’s internal differences so as to unite the country behind the war effort as well as maximizing the productive output in the country’s economy. The American fiscal policy is short sighted since it is viewed by large portions of the country’s populations as unfair since the methods employed by the political leaders for securing funds for the war are also not fair. This will however make the efforts for the support for the war to greatly suffer. On the other hand the methods used to raise money for the war on terror have weakened the country’s economy and also the country’s foundation of the military power. America has been faced with a major challenge of financing the war on terrorism since the long war has been fought is being fought in parallel with the ground wars which are prolonged in Iraq and also Afghanistan. The fiscal policy will limit and also prevent the government’s ability to pay for the threats of the catastrophic attacks from the country’s unknown enemies. This is because the policy has led to the elimination, postponement or even the reduction of funding for the low priority domestic projects so that there can be room for the high priority military spending in the budget. How to successfully prosecute the global war on terror while at the same time meeting the growing cost of retirement and the healthcare benefits The American leaders can successfully prosecute the global war on terror while at the same time meet the growing cost of the population’s retirements and the healthcare benefits of all the Americans. This could be achieved by finding ways which meet the crucial security needs while at the same time addressing the country’s healthcare costs of the aging population and the escalating retirement benefits. The country’s administration should adapt a long-term fiscal strategy which will allow for such needs to be met. The country’s budget on the other hand should encompass and also as set aside some amounts of money which will cater for the social security demands, together with the healthcare benefits and the growing costs of retirement for the aging population in America. Similarly the strategy should include more thorough prioritization on the allocation of the country’s resources. This will allow the curbing of the non essential spending in the country. On the other hand there should be a tax policy which will help in the avoidance of the country’s chronic deficits. Similarly the American government should adapt fiscal policies and strategies which will match the payouts in the prerogative programs at a closer look to the money which is flowing into the country. (Robert D. Hormat. 2007) The country should also reduce its dependence on the on the foreign capitals as this aggravate s the financial threat which is facing America as a nation. So that there could be a successful prosecution on both the war on terrorism and at the same time meeting the growing cost of retirement and the healthcare benefits the fiscal policy should be consistent and not in any way undermine the American national security. Reference: William D. Orpheus (2002): Iraq, The Economic Consequences of the War.   New York Review of Books, December 5, U.S. Department of Justice. (2002):   Explanation of the Process for Computing Presumed Economic Loss. Retrieved from Accessed on 12th December 2007 Daniel McGinnis with Suzanne Smalley (2003): Now Families Face the Cost of War. Newsweek, April 21, 2003, p. 11. .Robert D. Hormat. (2007): The Price of Liberty: Paying for Americas Wars. Published by Henry and Holt Company How to cite National economic policy, Essay examples

Woolworths Financial Perfomance Essay Example

Woolworths Financial Perfomance Essay An analysis of Woolworth financial performance over the last two financial years show that the firm are improving their figures by raising or keeping their Liquidity, Gearing, Profitability or Efficiency consistent. This analysis can help provide insights on whether it is a smart choice to buy shares in Woolworth. Looking into the firms financial performance and proposed financial strategy an interpretation can be made on the risk and reliability of investing in Woolworth. Liquidity matches with the capability of companies to deal with short-term cash acquirement. The risk involved in investing into a company with low liquidity levels is that the business may experience cash flow problems. The inability for e. G. Woolworth not being able to pay their short-term liabilities could then later result in Woolworth becoming insolvent, meaning they are unable to pay debts altogether when they fall due. If Woolworth were unable to pay these debts, this would mean they would have to borrow money, which would affect (deteriorate) their profitability levels. With lower revenue, the WOW share price will not give their investors as much turn meaning not as many people will invest in Woolworth. We will write a custom essay sample on Woolworths Financial Perfomance specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Woolworths Financial Perfomance specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Woolworths Financial Perfomance specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Based on the financial report of Woolworth, It can be seen that Woolworth liquidity levels have risen consistently made sure they avoid the problems listed above through their Multiple Earnings Streams meaning they always have a consistent cash flow. Although firmly based in the retail sectors, Woolworth has multiple income streams that allow the company overall to continue to perform. In the worst of times, people always have to eat, so combined with Woolworth discounting business model, this earnings stream should perform reasonably well no matter what happens. Woolworth also operates discount department stores, consumer electronics outlets, as well as home improvement and hardware outlets such as Big W, Dan Murphys (directors report 2013). The retail nature of the business also means mainly cash sales so they business always have a source of cash flow coming into company. Woolworth have a steady rate of liquidity meaning they shouldnt have to deal with a cash flow problem allowing their profitability levels to reach their potential and also allowing their share price to continue rising. This share is definitely reliable because the company have cured ways to avoid any liquidity problems so that shareholders can receive maximum dividends. The profitability of the business is essential in deciding whether or not to invest in shares in the business. The company has a responsibility to provide maximum profits to shareholders. Woolworth have financial priorities such as acting on their portfolio to maximize shareholder value, maintaining their track record of building new growth businesses and putting in place the enablers for a new era of growth. They focus heavily on satisfying their shareholders. The chief executive of Woolworth Grant OBrien has proposed a new financial strategy. According to his statements, Woolworth plans to open 39 new supermarkets, seven new BIG Was and 15 new Masters Home Improvement stores before the end of the financial year. (http:// growth-strategy. HTML) This means more sources of income and profits. Growth is essential because the more the business is growing, the more the value of the share will rise because of capital gains which then leads to profit for the shareholders that had the shares before the growth period that sees share prices rise. Then the business must distribute the dividends to its shareholders. From there the shareholder must assess the stability of the share to hold its high price and it becomes a case of return vs Risk. The continuous growth of the Woolworth is clearly evident. This is extremely beneficial for investors as growth is the biggest driver of stock price. From analyzing Woolworth financial performance it is evident that they have kept a steady profitability rate of 26% over the past two financial years. An additional 1. Million customers on average every week came through our doors in the quarter. This drove increases in market share and basket size in our Australian Food and Liquor business, which recorded a 4. 5 per cent increase in sales, (Chief executive Grant OBrien GM). Through the evidence of satisfactory and consistent growth Woolworth achieve, buying shares in Woolworth at the right price would be a good choice because their continuous growth always ends up in more profit for the shareholders because their share value will continue rising. Teens those funds that have been supplied by the owners (equity) and those, which have been, borrowed debt. The higher the gearing levels of a business level are meaning the more risk an investor makes when buying shares but also a greater hence of making larger amounts of profits. When observing Woolworth balance sheet statistics from 2012 to 2013 it can be seen that there has been 0. 1% deterioration in their gearing levels from 1. 6 down to 1. 5 percent (Woolworth balance sheet 12-13). These gearing levels are relatively manageable meaning that there is low risk in investing in their shares because the company maintains a steady level of growth and profits meaning there share value cannot fluctuate too much because their financial performance is almost predictable so there isnt a high level of risk when investing in their company. If Woolworth choose to raise the leverage levels they can use equity to generate funds so that the business can distribute shares amongst its shareholders (new issues, rights issues, placements, share purchase price), which will result to a constant cash flow into the business. They may choose to do this so that the company can resolve liquidity problems as the business is constantly receiving capital to pay debts as they fall due to. This can then go on to resolve profitability problems. Investing in shares with Woolworth would not be overall a major risk but you wont be making as much profit as fast. These shares are definitely good for a slow and steady profit so I would invest in Woolworth shares. In conclusion, through the analysis of Woolworth financial performance over two financial years and examining their financial strategies, I think Woolworth have definitely found ways to achieve their objective of maximizing shareholder profits because they have kept consistent and keep improving in their yearly balance sheets and income statements. They also have financial strategies in place that will always support and help the share prices to reach their full potential so that investors will chive a steady and good amount of dividends from the company so I would definitely buy shares in Woolworth.

Timeline of Battles and Treaties in Peloponnesian War

Timeline of Battles and Treaties in Peloponnesian War Theyd fought cooperatively against the Persian enemy during the prolonged Persian Wars, but afterward, relations, strained even then, fell further apart. Greek against Greek, the Peloponnesian War wore both sides down leading to a state where the leader of Macedonia and his sons, Philip and Alexander, could take control. The Peloponnesian War was fought between two groups of Greek allies. One was the Peloponnesian League, which had Sparta as its leader. The other leader was Athens, which controlled The Delian League. Before the Peloponnesian War (All dates in the 5th Century B.C.) 477 Aristides forms Delian League. 451 Athens and Sparta sign five-year treaty. 449 Persia and Athens sign peace treaty. 446 Athens and Sparta sign 30 years peace treaty. 432 Revolt of Potidaea. 1st Stage of the Peloponnesian War (Archidamian War) From 431-421 Athens (under Pericles and then Nicias) successful until 424. Athens makes little forays on the Peloponnese by sea and Sparta destroys areas in the countryside of Attica. Athens makes a disastrous expedition into Boeotia. They try to recover Amphipolis (422), unsuccessfully. Athens fears more of her allies would desert, so she signs a treaty (Peace of Nicias) that allows her to keep her face, basically setting things back to how they were before the war except for Plataea and Thracian towns. 431 Peloponnesian War begins. Siege of Potidaea. Plague in Athens. 429 Pericles dies. Siege of Plataea (-427) 428 Revolt of Mitylene. 427 Athenian Expedition to Sicily. [See map of Sicily and Sardinia.] 421 Peace of Nicias. 2nd Stage of the Peloponnesian War From 421-413 Corinth forms coalitions against Athens. Alcibiades stirs up trouble and is exiled. Betrays Athens to Sparta. Both sides seek the alliance of Argos but after the Battle of Mantinea, where Argos loses most of her military, Argos no longer matters, although she becomes an Athenia Ally. 415-413Â  - Athenian expedition to Syracuse. Sicily. 3rd Stage of the Peloponnesian War From 413-404 (Decelean War or Ionian War) Under the advice of Alcibiades, Sparta invades Attica, occupying the town of Decelea near Athens [source: Jona Lendering]. Athens continues to send ships and men to Sicily even though it is disastrous. Athens, which had started the war with the advantage in naval battle, loses his advantage to the Corinthians and Syracusans. Sparta then used Persian gold from Cyrus to build her fleet, stirs up trouble with Athenian allies in Ionia, and destroys the Athenian fleet at the Battle of Aegosotami. The Spartans are led by Lysander. 404 - Athens surrenders. Peloponnesian War Ends Athens loses its democratic government. Control is put into the Board of 30. Spartas subject allies have to pay 1000 talents annually. Thirty Tyrants rule Athens.

Understanding Very Large Numbers

Understanding Very Large Numbers Have you ever wondered what number comes after a trillion? Or how many zeros there are in a vigintillion? ​Some day you might need to know this for a science or math class, or if you happen to enter one of several mathematical or scientific fields.   Numbers Bigger Than a Trillion The digit zero plays an important role as you  count very large numbers. It helps to  track these multiples of 10  because the larger the number is, the more zeros are needed. Name Number of Zeros Groups of 3 Zeros Ten 1 0 Hundred 2 0 Thousand 3 1 (1,000) Ten thousand 4 1 (10,000) Hundred thousand 5 1 (100,000) Million 6 2 (1,000,000) Billion 9 3(1,000,000,000) Trillion 12 4 (1,000,000,000,000) Quadrillion 15 5 Quintillion 18 6 Sextillion 21 7 Septillion 24 8 Octillion 27 9 Nonillion 30 10 Decillion 33 11 Undecillion 36 12 Duodecillion 39 13 Tredecillion 42 14 Quattuordecillion 45 15 Quindecillion 48 16 Sexdecillion 51 17 Septen-decillion 54 18 Octodecillion 57 19 Novemdecillion 60 20 Vigintillion 63 21 Centillion 303 101 Grouping Zeros by Threes Many  people  find it easy to understand that the number 10 has one zero, 100 has two zeros, and 1,000 has three zeros. These numbers are used all the time in daily living, whether it is dealing with money or counting something as simple as our music playlist or the mileage on our cars. When you get to million, billion, and trillion, things become a little more complicated. How many zeros come after the one in a trillion? Its hard to keep track of that and count each individual zero, so  these long numbers  have been broken down into groups of three zeros. For example, its much easier to remember that a trillion is written with four sets of three zeros than it is to count out 12 separate zeros. While you might think that ones pretty simple, just wait until you have to count 27 zeros for an octillion or 303 zeros for a centillion. Then you will be thankful that you only have to remember 9 and 101 sets of three zeros, respectively. Powers of 10 Shortcut In mathematics  and science, you  can rely on the powers of 10 to quickly express exactly how many zeros are needed for these larger numbers. For example, a shortcut for writing out a trillion is 1012  (10 to the power of 12). The 12 indicates that the number  needs a total of 12 zeros. You can see how much easier these are to read than if there were just a bunch of zeros: Quintillion 1018 or 1,000,000,000,000,000,000Decillion 1033  or 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 Googol and Googolplex: The Enormous Numbers You are probably very familiar with the search engine and tech company Google. Did you know that the name was inspired by another very large number? Though the spelling is different, the  googol  and the  googolplex  played a role in the naming of the tech giant. A googol has 100 zeros and is expressed as 10100. It is often used to express any large quantity, even though it is a quantifiable number. It makes sense that the largest search engine that pulls a large quantity of data from the Internet would find this word useful. The term googol was coined by the American mathematician Edward Kasner in his 1940 book, Mathematics and the Imagination. The story goes that Kasner asked his then 9-year-old nephew, Milton Sirotta, what to name this ridiculously long number. Sirotta came up with  googol. But why is a googol important if its actually less than a centillion? Quite simply, a  googol is used to define a  googoolplex.  A googolplex is 10 to the power of googol, a number that boggles the mind. In fact, a googolplex is so large that theres really no known use for it. Some say that it even exceeds the total number of atoms in the universe. The googolplex is not even the largest number defined to date. Mathematicians  and scientists have also devised Grahams number and Skewes number. Both of these require a math degree to even begin to understand. Short and Long Scales of a Billion If you thought the concept of a googolplex is tricky, some people cannot even agree on what defines a billion. In the U.S. and most of the world, it is accepted that 1 billion equals 1,000 million. It  is written as 1,000,000,000 or 109. This number is used often in science and finance, and it is called the short scale. In the long scale, 1 billion is equal to 1 million million. For this number, you will need a 1 followed by 12 zeros: 1,000,000,000,000 or 1012. The long scale was first described by Genevieve Guitel in 1975. It is used in France and, for a time, was accepted in the United Kingdom as well.

Gun Control Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gun Control - Research Paper Example In these regards, gun control had no real impact on the murder rate in these nations. An even more startling fact is that despite gun control in many nations, the murder rate has often risen; this again demonstrates that there is no direct correlation between gun control and reduced murder rates. When considering the statistical correlation between gun control and increased or decreased crime rates, there are a number of startling facts that demonstrate gun control is an effective policy. One of the most prevalent such examples of these trends occurs when statistically comparing Canada and the United States. In both 1991 and 1995 Canada enacted increasingly stringent gun control laws, while the United States largely held onto a liberal policy regarding gun control. Rather than demonstrating a reduction in crime relative to the United States, this period witnessed an actual rise in the rate of theft and violent crime throughout Canada (‘Gun Control Fact-Sheet.’). Similar statistical trends have also been demonstrated in European countries. In 1997, the United Kingdom passed some of the most stringent anti-gun laws in the Western hemisphere. In the wake of these regulations, it was demonstrated that in large part violent crimes rates did not increase but rose by as much as forty percent (‘Gun Control Fact-Sheet.’). ... In fact, statistics demonstrate that over the last seventy-years the United States has experienced noticeably lower murder rates than the United Kingdom. While the lot of this statistical evidence is open for interpretation, a general qualitative analysis demonstrates that rather than decreasing crime, gun control laws allow criminals increased levels of freedom as they can now commit crimes unhindered by the threat of lethal self-defense. In these regards, firearms can substantially be seen to be prominent self-defense mechanisms. In developing increased gun control laws countries are in-effect reducing citizens abilities to effectively defend themselves. In addition to the statistical evidence that demonstrates a correlation between gun control and increased crime rates, general quantitative and statistical research has demonstrated that in large part gun control laws are misguided. One of the most prominent research elements related to gun control considers it in relation to self- defense. While this essay has earlier demonstrated that the use of guns for self-control can be inferred from rising crime rates in nations that implement stringent gun control laws, further research attests to the actual use of guns in these self-defense actions. In fact, guns have been implemented in self-defense over 2.5 million times annually (‘Myth #3: Gun Control Has Reduced The Crime Rates In Other Countries’ ). When one considers this from another perspective, it indicates that more than 6,000 times a day guns are used for self-defense. Within the United States itself quantitative research has examined the Brady Law in regards to crime rates. The Brady Law is

Hiring and Retaining Staff Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Hiring and Retaining Staff - Term Paper Example Because of this reason alone, it is important to understand the issues discussed in this paper and learn how to better overcome the modern day obstacles related to staff and recruiting. It is important to note that current trends indicate the current year has seen the competition for highly qualified individuals only intensity. This is partly due to the reality that the employment market has picked up substantially. As a result, it is important to note that talented professionals now have many job prospects in front of them, so companies are forced to really provide increased incentives if they are to truly attract the best of the best. In essence, it is up to the company today to market themselves in an attractive manner to prospective employees. There will likely be the need for counteroffers to be accepted, many applicants will outright reject solid job offers, that there will be a renewed focus on recruiting those that are already employed at another firm. In essence, we are regressing to the boom years of the late 90’s where if was definitely a job seekers market. One commonly held theory today is that employers need to return to a strategy of branding their organization as a long term recruiting strategy moving forward. In previous years, many organizations were forced to drastically reduce their budgets related to Human Resources, meaning that recruiters did not have much to work with. Now that business is picking up across numerous sectors, however, it is possible to change this to a more long term outlook detailing the various attributes of a company and what it has to offer prospective employees, particularly related to salary and benefits. This is similar to the branding of a product. The need for branding has emerged partially as a result of the increased competition for taken, but also because of the various ways that companies around the company are making use of

Looking At The Storys Behind Indian Art Cultural Studies Essay

Looking At The Storys Behind Indian Art Cultural Studies Essay I intend to do research on the Indian folk art forms, their styles, different symbols and forms as well as the context and cultural backgrounds. I will focus on MDAHUBANI PAINTINGS, a folk art originated from North India. This research will help me understand the characteristics of these art forms, which will inspire my animation story and visual style. The story of Indian art is also the story of one of the oldest and most resilient cultures on earth. Throughout its history, Indian art has combined local tradition with outside influences, and has evolved along with a civilization, which has been remarkably innovative in all areas. As in every culture, art has been a mirror of Indias fascinating history from the beginning, reflecting religious beliefs, political events, and social customs. Especially in folk arts we find a compelling and beautiful record of centuries of Indian culture. Introduction to Indian Folk Arts The somewhat lesser-known traditions of Indian painting are the so-called folk paintings dating back to a period that may be referred to as timeless. These are living traditions, intrinsically linked with the regional historic-cultural settings from which they arise. It has an age-old heritage that can be traced back to the beginning of civilization on this subcontinent [1]. It began with cave paintings, with the natural dyes so strong that they can still be seen today on the walls of the caves after centuries. The folk and tribal painting come from the remote rural and tribal regions. Sometimes the artists of these rustic works are not even educated. They lack the basic means to attend schools, and as they are gifted with such beautiful mean of expression by nature. The various painting forms coming from these regions began not just as a painting but also as a religious and social ritual performed daily. It began with painting the walls and floor of mud houses. They hide the belief that this purified the ambience and pleased the deities. Various religious and symbols were therefore seen within the painting. The term folk paintings here encompasses pictures made in Indian villages by both men and women, for ornamentation of their abodes, portrayals of their gods and for their various rituals; and, by local professional painters or artisans for use of the local people. All these paintings were produced in a variety of styles and themes. History, sociology and geography infused the painting of each region with local flavor. Their style and quality depended on the materials available in the place in which they were executed, these very factors that helps to identify the region. Folk art may be defined as the art created among groups that exist within the framework of existing society, but, for geographical and cultural reasons, are largely separated from the sophisticated and cultural reasons, and the developments of their time. As a result, they produce distinctive styles and objects for local needs and tastes. In folk tradition, art is nourishment to the daily life of the people. Whether he is a TAMILNADU (an Indian state) [2] potter who creates a massive terracotta AIYANAR (example in Appendix. Pic.1) or a MADHYA PRADESH (an Indian state) [2] tribal who creates PITHORA painting (example in Appendix. Pic.2), at the moment of creation, the poverty-stricken, illiterate folk, becomes a master-crafts-man who can create marvelous plastic and visual forms with a creative genius handed over to him by generations. Topography and geography too have control over the medium of art. In the case of UTTAR PRADESH (an Indian state) [2], we can find folk paintings on the walls of the houses. Whereas in ASSAM (an Indian state) [2], one cannot find wall paintings because most of the walls of the house are built with cane or bamboo. The folk and tribal traditions, consider all materials available in day-to-day life are worthy of serving as a medium of expression. In this regard, artist-writer, HAKU SHAH writ es, When a tribal touches a blade of grass, gourd or bead, fiber, twig, grain, pin, plastic button, conch shell, feather, leaf of flower, he sees through it, smells it, hears it, and therein starts the ritual of being with it [3]. Each part of the country with its own trees and plants, birds and animals, hills and dales has inspired Indian folk artists to have multiple metaphors, series of symbols and innumerable images to build a rich treasure-house of art. The following are the common stylistic characters in folk-art: Preference for simple outline and choice of typically representational lines; A simplification of colors and volumes so that shading is eliminated; Stylization of motifs to create decorative elements; and Repetition of lines, of entire figures, of dots for intensive or rhythmical purposes. Following is the list of some of the main folk arts from different parts of India Madhubani Painting Folk art of Madhubani from the Mithila region [2] of north India. There are different styles developed by different castes of the region. (Examples in Appendix Pic.16a 16h) Thanka Painting Combining the magnificent beauty with spiritual vision, Tankha is painting solely dedicated to Buddha and his teachings. These represent how the Buddhists see the universe. It is generally in eight layers with the upper most layers or part depicting a deity. The rest seven are the various elements of the universe like, fire, earth, space, water and air. Colorful and geometrical, these are many a time seen as the basis of temple architecture. These paintings are done with dedication, concentration, and passion and also with the deep religious feeling of doing something directly related with the supreme power. (Example in Appendix Pic.3a, 3b) Patachitra Painting Indian art Patachitra is a pre-Islamic form of religious art. It comes from the eastern Indian state Orissa [2]. Hindu gods and goddesses and other mythological scenes are painted on a leather-like surface made of several layers of old cotton glued together. (Example in Appendix Pic.4a, 4b) Kalamkari Painting Kalamkari Literally meaning pen-work, it is the religious painting on cloth with blocks and wax resist, from the temple town of KALAHASTHI in southeast ANDHRA PRADESH [2]. (Example in Appendix Pic.5a, 5b) Warli Painting Warli is a tribal community from MAHARASHTRA, India [2]. They have made a significant contribution to the heritage of Indian tribal art. Done by both men and women, these art works show their dedication to the nature and the superpower. (Example in Appendix Pic.6a, 6b) Gond Painting Tribal painting, Gond is a freehand expression of the Gond tribes of MADHYA PRADESH, India [2]. Painted freehand, these two dimensional paintings reflect their perception of life. The third dimension, the depth is always lacking in these paintings reflecting the simplicity of the artist. Sometimes these paintings also tell how colorful their imagination can be. They put colors to the blandest creations of the nature at times. (Example in Appendix Pic.7a, 7b) Batik Painting Batik, wax resist painting from WEST BENGAL, India [2]. Meaning wax-painting in Javanese, it originated in Indonesia and later revived in WEST BENGAL, India. The creativity of the talented dyers has given it a fresh new definition. The principle of batik is a simple one, wax or a similarly resistant substance such as rice paste is used to create patterns or motifs on cloth before it is dyed or colored in some way. When the wax is finally ready to be removed, the untouched cloth beneath it stands out as the original color of the cloth. (Example in Appendix Pic.8a, 8b) Miniature Painting Folk art miniature paintings inspired by the graceful romantic life style of the Mughals [4]. These paintings show one moment at a time and in minute details. The love scenes, the court scenes, various solitary women, animals, flowers all were closely observed and reproduced simultaneously. (Example in Appendix Pic.9a, 9b) Santhal Art The Santhal tribe, one of the famous tribes belonging to the Bihar state of India [2], has a typical style of painting, known as Santhal paintings. The bodies of the various forms that they paint are seldom or perhaps never in one shade, they are always striped, dotted or filled with any other geometrical pattern. They are done on a handmade paper with poster colors. The topics are selected from the natural surroundings or just from the happenings of their day-to-day lives. (Example in Appendix Pic.10a, 10b) Phad Art RAJASHTAN, an Indian state [2], the land of colors is known for Phad painting, which is done on cloth. This type of painting is mainly found in the BHILWARA district. The main theme of these paintings is the depiction of local deities and their stories, and legends of erstwhile local rulers. Phad is a type of scroll painting. These paintings are created while using bright and subtle colors. (Example in Appendix Pic.11a, 11b) Yantra Tantra art or yantra is used as an instrument or medium of focus on a deity while meditating. It is used while performing religious ceremonies. It is a graphical representation of geometrical or abstract images such as triangles, squares, pentagons, hexagons or circles. (Example in Appendix Pic.12a, 12b) Chittara Chittara, meaning picture is an expression of the village artists of KARNATAKA India [2]. Chittara is done on handmade paper. This paper is coated with mud first and then the desired color of the background is given to it by various colors extracted from the natural objects. The color red is procured by grinding a special red stone, the color black is procured by grinding burnt rice and soaking it in water for few days, mud and rice paste gives white. (Example in Appendix Pic.13a, 13b) Introduction to MADHUBANI Paintings Painting is generally done by folk artists or classical artists in three ways: wall-painting (BHITTI-CITRA), canvas-painting (PATA-CHITRA) and floor-painting (ARIPANA). Of these the wall-painting and the floor-painting are very popular in MITHILA region [2]. The Wall-painting or mural paintings, popularly known as MITHILA painting or MADHUBANI painting. MADHUBANI, literally meaning from the forest of honey is the name of the village from where comes the MADHUBANI paintings. Situated in the interior of northern India, this art is the expression of creativity in the day-to-day life of the local people. Done mainly by the females of the family, this art is regarded as a part of daily ritual. Initially all vegetable dyes were used for the paintings but today they have access to the variety of poster colors to cater to their needs and to enable them for more experiments with colors. The estimated date cant be traced back to the actual era that brought MADHUBANI art in to existence. It is however centuries old art that is associated with the normal lives of the villagers. In that region it is believed that every morning the worshipped deity comes invisibly to the household to bless the members of the family and also to bring more prosperity. So this art started as a welcome painting for deities. It started from the entrance floor and the exterior of the house. Passed from mothers to their daughters, the art of MADHUBANI has constantly been improving in its quality. As this tradition was initialized with a purpose of decorating the exterior of the house, the walls and the floor always served as the canvas. Floor-painting (ARIPANA) The art of ARIPANA or floor-painting has been handed down from generation to generation. There is not a single house in MITHILA in which ceremonies are held without ARIPANA. The women of MITHILA specialize in drawing circular patterns of designs with a white liquid paste made of ground rice mixed with water. Sometimes vermilion is also applied, besides white, red, green, yellow and black colors. In various ARIPANA designs, they have the images of gods and goddess painted on different shapes and forms with multiple colors, reflecting the artists originality and imagination. ARIPANA is an indigenous word, which means the art of drawing embankment or wall. The word is derived from ALIMPANA or ALEPANA (of Sanskrit origin) and though grammatically correct, it falsifies the real origin of the word [5]. (Example of ARIPANA art in Appendix. Pic.14a, 14b) The land and people North of the river Ganges, in the state of BIHAR [2] lies a land called MITHILA, shaded by old mango groves and watered by melt water rivers of NEPAL [2] (Indian neighbor country) and the Himalayas. MITHILA has played a noteworthy part in the political and cultural life of ancient India. It is a land full of the beauty of landscape in sharp contrast to the ugliness of poverty in which its people, most of whom are talented painters, live, who accept their fate, good or bad, and paint for painting sake. It is said that altogether MITHILA was the home where the enlightened and the learned might always find a generous patron, peace and safety, where courts were devoted to learning and culture and where poets and philosophers lived in honor and affluence. Even though women in the villages around MADHUBANI have been practicing their folk art for centuries, the world at large has come to know about these women and to consider them to be artists only in the last forty years. Even now, most of their work remains anonymous. The women, most of them illiterate, are reluctant to consider themselves individual producers of works of art and only a few of them mark the paintings with their own name. Among the first modern outsiders to document the tradition of MADHUBANI painting were William and Mildred Archer. Mr. Archer was a British civil servant assigned to the district during the colonial era (till 1947). The Archers obtained some drawings on paper that the women painters were using as aids to memory. Works that the Archers collected went to the India Records Office in London (now part of the British Library) where a small number of specialists could study them as creative instances of Indias folk art [6]. The women painters in MADHUBANI lived in a closed society and were unwilling to paint openly. Eventually due to a drought (1966-68) in the surrounding areas of MITHILA that resulted in severe economic crisis women began to commercialize their art. The All India Handicrafts Board [7] encouraged the women artists to produce their paintings on handmade paper for commercial sale. The government of India, the state government of Bihar and the regional craft guilds has all come in together to initiate the productions and marketing for these women painters. This sudden change in the form of art and its presentation has enabled the world to discover a new form of art with an enviable linkage to the lives of women [8]. The Style of painting This style of painting belongs to North Bihar. In keeping with the tradition under which it began, the style is replete with symbols of fertility like the lotus plant, the bamboo grove, birds, fish, etc. in union. The art shifted to drawing paper in the 1960s, and this brought with it a new freedom and creativity. Paper is movable and economically feasible too. Figures from nature mythology are adapted to suit this style. The themes designs widely painted are the worship of Hindu deities such as KRISHNA, RAMA, SIVA, DURGA, LAKSHMI, SARASWATI, Sun and Moon, TULSI (basil) plant, court scenes, wedding scenes, social happenings around them, etc. Floral, animal and bird motifs, geometrical designs are used to fill up all the gaps. There is hardly any empty space in this style. The skill is handed down the generations, and hence the traditional designs and patterns are widely maintained. One of the main features of MITHILA paintings is simplicity. All that is required for the artist is a suitable surface, ordinary paints, and local brushes. Preliminary sketching is hardly required in MITHILA paintings because the outlines are developed in a single sweep of the brush. Tools Used No sophisticated tools are needed in MADHUBANI paintings. Artists are still unacquainted with the modern brush. The traditional brush is made from a bamboo-twig by wrapping the twig up with a piece of cloth or by having its end frayed in such a way that the fiber looks like a bundle of hair. Color Scheme The artists prepare the colors. Black is obtained by mixing soot with cow dung; yellow from turmeric or pollen or lime and the milk of banyan leaves; blue from indigo; red from the KUSUM flower juice or red sandalwood; green from the leaves of the wood apple tree; white from rice powder; orange from PALASHA flowers. The raw materials were mixed with goats milk and juice from bean plants. Today green, blue, red and orange have been added to these colors. The colors are applied flat with no shading. There is normally a double line drawn for the outlines, with the gap between the lines filled by cross or straight tiny lines. In the linear painting, no colors are applied. Only the outlines are drawn. Some villages only produce black ink drawings. Other villages use pink, yellow, blue, red and parrot green, each paint mixed with the traditional goats milk. Impact of Hindu religion and mythology in Indian folk arts Hinduism Religion has been a definitive influence on Indian Art. Hindu Paintings featuring Hindu gods, Hindu goddesses, and the various Hindu pantheons are one of the most prominent symbols of Indian and Hindu Art. Hindu god/goddess in branding In India, manufacturers try to affect the psyche of consumer, by branding an item with the names and images of Hindu deities. They bring the premium image of a God and His virtues and associate them to their product, thus exploiting the mass recognition of well-established imagery of the God to boost product branding. The beauty of this strategy lies in the fact that the companies using Gods images do not have to be concerned about any kind of intellectual property issues like copyright, thus enjoying an immense credibility just by virtue of having connected their name to a venerated name. This kind of branding shows the popularity of god/goddess images in India and the corporate/legal freedom of their use. Manufacturers use images and names of Hindu Gods on product labels and promotion materials to attract buyers attention. Even in America some of the phone card companies like MCI, which target Indian consumers, print Gods images on its international phone cards and sometimes even t he phone card itself is named after a God. In India the largest group of advertisers are the food marketers, followed by marketers of drugs and cosmetics, soaps, automobiles, tobacco, appliances, and oil products. All of these companies somehow associate their products virtues with the virtues of a God and try to sell it to the consumer, who can very well relate to the image presented. For instance, Indian jewelers use image and name of Goddess LAXMI, who is considered the ruler of all material wealth extensively. One of the most famous names among jewelry shops in India is: Maha Laxmi Jewelers. (Examples of some Ads and products in Appendix. Pic.17a 17j) Forms and symbols in MADHUBANI Paintings The motifs of the designs include conventionalized flora and fauna, circles in series, spiral or curvilinear devices, series of short lines, foot-points of fragmentary (imaginative) pictures illustrating legends and stories, giving glimpses of environmental and natural life. While the religious paintings include various gods and goddess, the secular and decorative paintings contain various symbols of prosperity and fertility such as elephant, horse, fish, lion, parrot, turtle, bamboo, lotus, flower, PURAINA leaves, PANA, creepers, SWASTIKA etc. Besides, we also come across in these paintings aspects of agricultural animal life, which plays an important role in the rural economy of MITHILA. The animal, in fact, is a duplicate representation of energy and character of God. Thus, the subject matter generally falls into two groups: (1) A series of heavenly forms. (2) A series of strictly selected vegetables and animal forms. For different occasions, they have different forms and symbols attached to these paintings. Wedding Paintings At weddings, the following objects the sun and moon, a bamboo-tree, a circle of lotuses, parrots, turtle and fish come into prominence. These paintings draw their themes mostly from the PURANAS and epics. The most prominent image looming largest on the walls are the bamboo-tree and the ring of lotus, the KAMALAVANA or PURAINA. The focus is on fertility, and the marvelously intricate diagrams of the KAMALAVANA, the PURAINA and the forest of bamboos are, as pointed out by Archer, MANDALAS and diagrams of the generative organs. The lotus circle is not only a lotus but also the symbol of the brides sex, while the bamboo-tree is a bamboo, it also represents the phallus. (Although sometimes it is said that the women artists iconize the husbands patrilineage as a stand of bamboo.) In other words, lotus is a female and bamboo is a male. According to Archer, the latent symbolism reaches its height in the many paintings in which the bamboo-tree is depicted not as aloof and apart but as driven through the center of a clinging circle [9]. There are also minor symbols of parrots, turtles, fish, sun and the moon. In Indian context, the parrots symbolize the lovebirds and they feature constantly as images of the bride and bridegroom in folk songs and poetry. Turtles also have a significant place because they associate water with all its beneficent power with marriage, their strange shape being diagrammatic of the lovers union and their head and tail emerging from the shell looks like the exact counterparts of the bamboo plunging in the lotus. Then, there are fishes which are emblems of fertility and, finally we have sun and moon who are inserted because of their life-giving qualities. (Example of marriage art known as KOHBAR in Appendix. Pic.16a 16h) About the MADHUBANI painting Artists: Baua Devi Baua Devi is one of the most respected artists in the MITHILA community, and certainly the most successful. She lives in JITWARPUR, the village where she was born. Her work has been exhibited widely throughout India as well as the Center Georges Pompidou in Paris and at the MITHILA Museum in Tokamachi, Japan [10]. Also, at the MATRIX show at UC Berkeley Art Museum, 1997 [11] included two mural-scale paintings by Baua Devi, one depicting the life of KRISHNA, the other, a festival around a pond in a Mithila village. The scope of MADHUBANI paintings, its popularity in India and in other parts of the world MADHUBANI Painting has lately received much attention and popularity. There are quite a few websites devoted to MADHUBANI painting. I simply would like to add that the credit for bringing recent and massive popularity to this art form goes, in large measure, to the Lalit Narayan Mishra. In his capacity as the Minister for Railways in Mrs. Indira Gandhis cabinet, reproductions of these paintings adorned the coaches of many fast and super-fast trains. [12] Copies of the paintings became a hot-selling item for both native and foreign travelers. The reproductions could be found in plenty, for instance, among the hawkers in the bustling street side market along the JANPATH in New Delhi, India a must for the foreign tourist! Credit is due also to Mr. Bhaskar Kulkarni, erstwhile member of the Indian Handicrafts Federation. He was the first to organize an exhibition of this school of paintings at New Delhi in 1967 [13]. This brought instant international recognition. Folk art is having a tr easure house of symbolic language to contribute as a gift to Modern art. Folk in a sense carries the connotation of anonymity, collective wisdom, spontaneity and simplicity. With the development of Anthropology a new awareness has come into understanding the primitive and folk traditions. Anthropology has proved that regionalism in art is not against internationalism. [14] Conclusion MADHUBANI paintings are popular because of their tribal motifs and use of bright earthy colors. I would like to explore how these unique features of folk art could be successfully translated into the form of Animation. Based on my research I have these findings about MADHUBANI PAINTINGS characteristics: -The figures are recognizable by a face in profile while the rest of the body faces the front. -The face has one very large eye and a bumpy sort of nose coming out of the forehead. -The figure outlines are drawn as a double line with diagonal hatching between them. -The borders are highly decorated either geometrically or with ornate floral patterns. -Clothing also is highly decorated with geometrical, floral or even animal patterns. -The drawings of animals are easily recognized for what they are, but again tend to be very stylized. -The forms and symbols in these paintings have their own significance and different forms and symbols are used on different occasions. -There could be different interpretations of symbols and its uses. -These paintings have a limited number of colors and each color has its own meaning. Artists prepare the colors applied. -The artist uses traditional brushes (made from a bamboo-twig) for drawing. With time medium has changed. Originally these paintings were done on walls in villages. Later, the artists successfully transferred their techniques of wall painting to the medium of paper. Now most of the artists use watercolors and handmade papers. At the same time they maintain the characteristics and style of paintings although the medium has changed. In order to create a new source of non-agricultural income, different organizations encourages the artists to produce their traditional paintings on handmade paper for commercial sale. This way now it also widely spread. Even in the more recent work on paper, the themes are normally the Hindu Gods and Goddesses and stories from Hindu mythology. They exhibit their paintings throughout India as well as different parts of the world. Now with the advent of digital tools like Macromedia Flash, which can produce the similar kind of drawings using different combinations of pencil and brush strokes. Use of digital tools also makes these dr awings faster and more effectively as these paintings has lots of repetitive patterns. So we can say, transferring the techniques of wall painting to the medium of paper gained these paintings more popularity and recognition. Same way I strongly feel that when these styles and characteristics of MADHUBANI paintings will be transformed into digital medium, such as animation, it will take the paintings to the next level, where these folk art styles will be used by more and more digital artists from India and all over the world. End Notes [1] Based on the art history timeline the art produced on the Indian subcontinent from about the 3rd millennium BC . However based on the recent findings, An archaeological site off Indias western coast may be up to 9,000 years old. The revelation comes about 18 months after acoustic images from the sea-bed suggested the presence of built-up structures resembling the ancient Harappan civilization, which dates back around 4,000 years. . [2] States from India. Map of India Appendix Pic.15 [3] Thakur, Upendra, MADHUBANI Painting. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications, 1982. [4] Roy, The Bratas of Bengal, The RANGOLI or ARIPANA, KOLAM or MURGGY, as it is known in Bombay (now Mumbai), TAMILNADU and ANDHRA, is a pleasing decoration of the ground. [5] The Mughals ruled in India from 1526 to 1857. The Mughal period can be called a classical age in northern India. In this cultural development, the Indian traditions were amalgamated with the Turko-Iranian culture, brought to the country by the Mughals. [6] Gene R. Thursby, University of Florida . [7] Ministry of Textiles (Govt of India) [8] Madhubani Painting Workshop Brochure. . [9] Archer, W.G., MADHUBANI Paintings. Mumbai, 1998. [10] The Mithila Museum in Tokamachi, Japan. . [The Mithila Museum is housed in a converted schoolhouse in Tokamachi, Niigata Prefecture, situated in Japans snow country. Here approximately 850 Mithila paintings, more than 300 paintings that the Mithila artists created in Japan, Warli paintings by an aboriginal group in India, and Indian teracotta statues and figurines, are exhibited on a permanent basis.] [11] Baua Devi and the Art of Mithila. . MATRIX: August 15 through October 26, 1997 at the UC Berkeley Art Museum. [This is the first United States exhibition of paintings on paper by the Indian artist Baua Devi. The exhibition also includes a selection of works by other artists from the Mithila region of northeastern India. Baua Devis paintings explore an array of personal and mythological themes. An image, which she has come to adopt as her own is the nag kanya, or snake maiden, a creature with the torso and head of a beautiful woman and the lower body of a snake. The nag kanya resembles the snake goddess Manasa, whose attributes echo those of the key Hindu god Shiva. The nag kanya also derives from the real snakes that occupy the watery region where Baua Devi lives.] [12] Railways in North Bihar. . [13] Mr. Bhaskar Kulkarni. . [14] The Art of Folk Tradition. . References Thakur, Upendra, MADHUBANI Painting. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications, n.d. Thakur, Upendra, History of MITHILA. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications, n.d. Jain, Jyotindra, Ganga Devi: Tradition and Expression in Mithila Painting. Ahmedabad, India: Mapin Publishing Pvt Ltd., 1997. [A fine book on a leading artist who practiced what is sometimes called the Kayastha style of MADHUBANI painting.] Vequaud, Yves, The Women Painters of Mithila. London: Thames and Hudson, 1977. [A book that contributed to and then reflected the worldwide popularity of MADHUBANI painting.] Osaki, Norio, MADHUBANI Paintings. Kyoto Shoin, 1998. Shearer, Alistair. The Hindu Vision: Forms of the Formless. Thames Hudson, 1993. Aldred, Gavin. Indian Firework Art. Trafalgar Square, 2000 Prakash, K. Authentic Folk Designs from India. New Delhi: Dover Pubns, 1995. Dawson, Barry. Street Graphics India. Thames Hudson, 2001. Archer, W.G., MADHUBANI Paintings. Mumbai, 1998. Anand, Mulk Raj, MADHUBANI Painting. New Delhi: Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, 1984. Online exhibit of MADHUBANI Paintings. . About an Artist.. The MAITHILI BRAHMANS: An Online Ethnography.. Marketing God: About religious content on Indian television.